Social care and support for elderly men and women in an urban and a rural area of Nepal

Figures & data

Table  I.  Marital status of respondents by age group and the place of residence (%).

Marital status	Age groups (%)								Total
	60–69 years		70–79 years		80+ years		Total
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	%	No.
Couples	88.9	89.1	68.3	80.6	42.9	62.5	62.5	82.3	79.9	163
Widowed	11.1	10.9	29.3	16.1	57.1	37.5	37.5	16.7	19.1	39
Unmarried	0	0	2.4	3.2	0	0	0	1	0.9	2
Total number	54	55	41	31	7	16	102	102		204

Table  II.  Informal care givers by age group and place of residence (%).

Care givers (informal care giver)	Age groups (%)						Total (%)
	Urban			Rural
	60–69 years	70–79 years	80+ years	60–69 years	70–79 years	80+ years	Urban	Rural	Both
Spouse with son or grandson	64.8	68.3	71.4	70.9	87.1	87.5	68.7	79.4	74.1
Spouse	35.2	31.7	28.6	21.9	9.7	6.2	31.4	14.7	23.1
Daughter/son-in-law	0	0	0	5.5	0	0	0	2.9	1.5
Alone	0	0	0	1.8	3.2	6.3	0	2.9	1.5
Total number	54	41	7	55	31	16	102	102	204

Table  III.  Visits to elderly people by different groups of people.

Age groups	Family Members			Relatives			Friends			Others
	Urban	Rural	Total	Urban	Rural	Total	Urban	Rural	Total	Urban	Rural	Total
60–69 years	36	50	80*	29	49	78*	24	39	63*	32	19	51*
70–79 years	19	31	50*	23	29	52*	13	20	33*	18	21	39**
80+ years	5	11	16**	5	8	13**	4	9	13**	5	9	14**
Total	60	92	146*	57	86	143*	41	68	109*	55	51	103

Statistically significant *p < 0.05.

Statistically insignificant **p > 0.05.

Table  IV.  Abilities to perform activities (%) (n = 204).

Activities	Able themselves		Assisted by spouse		Assisted by son/daughter-in-law		Assisted by daughter/son-in-law
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Managing house hold matters	16.6	8.8	45.1	30.2	37.3	55.8	1.1	5.3
Cooking & serving foods	42.2	46.1	24.7	6.8	32.4	44.1	1.0	4.9
Washing cloths	10.7	6.8	35.2	20.6	53.2	70.6	1.4	1.2
Maintaining personal hygiene	94.2	93.2	1.1	1.1	5.3	5.9	0	0
Walking inside	90.2	93.3	3.2	0	5.8	7.9	1.1	0
Dressing clothes	92.7	93.7	2.3	0	4.7	7.9	1.2	1.2

Table  V.  Reported psychological features by age group and residency.

Age group	Loneliness (n = 59)		Anxiety (n = 30)		Depression (n = 15)		Insomnia (n = 28)		Total respondents no.
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Total
60–69 years	14.8%	10.9%	3.7%	7.2%	5.5%	3.7%	0.0%	1.8%	54	55	109
70–79 years	44.7%	32.5%	18.4%	17.6%	18.4%	8.8%	13.1%	5.8%	38	34	72
80+ years	80.0%	69.2%	40.0%	53.8%	50.0%	30.7%	80.0%	92.3%**	10	13	23
Total	33	26**	13	17	15	9	13	15**	102	102	204

Statistically significant *p < 0.05.

Statistically insignificant **p > 0.05.

Table  VI.  Income sources (earning).

Source of incomes	Urban		Rural		Total (n = 477)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Agriculture	58	56.9	90	88.2	148	31.1
Pension	9	8.8	15	14.7	24	5.1
Old age allowance	48	47.1	47	46.8	95	19.9
Business	12	11.8	2	1.9	14	2.9
Share/debenture	12	11.8	0	0	12	2.5
Family support	89	87.3	84	82.4	173	36.3