Associations of the lower urinary tract symptoms with the lifestyle, prostate volume, and metabolic syndrome in the elderly males

Figures & data

Table  I.  Clinical characteristics of the males with no/mild LUTS and with moderate/severe LUTS.

Variables	No/Mild LUTS (n = 357)	Moderate/Severe LUTS (n = 407)	p value	No/Mild VS (n = 420)	Moderate/Severe VS (n = 344)	p value	No/Mild SS (n = 444)	Moderate/Severe SS (n = 320)	p value
Mean age (year)	55.7 ± 5.7	57.3 ± 6.8	0.001	55.8 ± 5.9	57.5 ± 6.7	<0.001	56.1 ± 5.7	57.2 ± 7.1	0.02
Mean BMI (kg/m^2)	25.3 ± 3.0	24.9 ± 3.1	0.10	25.2 ± 3.0	25.0 ± 3.1	0.27	25.3 ± 3.0	24.8 ± 3.1	0.05
Mean WHR	0.88 ± 0.06	0.88 ± 0.09	0.28	0.88 ± 0.06	0.87 ± 0.10	0.25	0.88 ± 0.07	0.88 ± 0.09	0.79
Mean WC (cm)	84.0 ± 7.8	83.6 ± 9.7	0.56	83.9 ± 7.9	83.5 ± 9.9	0.54	84.1 ± 7.8	83.3 ± 10.1	0.29
Mean FBG (mg/dl)	99.7 ± 24.2	98.0 ± 17.9	0.28	99.6 ± 23.2	97.9 ± 18.2	0.25	99.9 ± 23.7	97.4 ± 16.7	0.11
Mean HDL (mg/dl)	48.0 ± 9.6	48.4 ± 9.6	0.62	48.2 ± 9.7	48.2 ± 9.5	0.90	48.3 ± 9.6	48.1 ± 9.6	0.78
Mean TG (mg/dl)	127.9 ± 79.4	128.9 ± 78.1	0.86	127.4 ± 81.4	129.7 ± 75.2	0.69	130.8 ± 80.7	125.3 ± 75.7	0.34
HTN, n (%)	245 (68.6%)	267 (65.6%)	0.38	287 (68.3%)	225 (65.4%)	0.39	301 (67.8%)	211 (65.9%)	0.59
MS, n (%)	87 (24.4%)	104 (25.6%)	0.71	102 (24.3%)	89 (25.9%)	0.61	113 (25.5%)	78 (24.4%)	0.74
Mean QoL score	1.80 ± 1.02	3.13 ± 1.28	<0.001	1.91 ± 1.10	3.24 ± 1.24	<0.001	2.04 ± 1.13	3.17 ± 1.34	<0.001
Mean Qmax	16.7 ± 7.2	15.0 ± 6.6	0.001	16.9 ± 7.2	14.5 ± 6.4	<0.001	16.5 ± 6.8	14.9 ± 7.0	0.003
Mean PVR	20.7 ± 38.9	28.2 ± 43.9	0.01	21.5 ± 38.0	28.5 ± 45.7	0.02	20.5 ± 36.1	30.5 ± 48.0	0.001
Mean PSA	1.40 ± 2.10	1.50 ± 1.59	0.45	1.40 ± 2.04	1.52 ± 1.58	0.33	1.36 ± 1.88	1.58 ± 1.80	0.11
Mean PV (mL)	23.8 ± 10.2	27.2 ± 15.1	<0.001	24.1 ± 10.4	27.5 ± 15.7	<0.001	23.7 ± 10.2	28.3 ± 16.0	<0.001
Smoking, n (%)			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Non-smoker	288 (80.7%)	263 (64.6%)		334 (79.5%)	217 (63.1%)		348 (78.4%)	203 (63.4%)
Former smoker	37 (10.4%)	75 (18.4%)		47 (11.2%)	65 (18.9%)		49 (11.0%)	63 (19.7%)
Current smoker	32 (9.0%)	69 (17.0%)		39 (9.3%)	62 (18.0%)		47 (10.6%)	54 (16.9%)
Alcohol, n (%)			0.02			0.02			0.01
Non-drinker	292 (81.8%)	321 (78.9%)		348 (82.9%)	265 (77.0%)		364 (82.0%)	249 (77.8%)
Former drinker	5 (1.4%)	21 (5.2%)		8 (1.9%)	18 (5.2%)		6 (1.4%)	20 (6.3%)
Current drinker	60 (16.8%)	65 (16.0%)		64 (15.2%)	61 (17.7%)		74 (16.7%)	51 (15.9%)
Regular PA, n (%)	255 (71.4%)	260 (63.9%)	0.03	297 (70.7%)	218 (63.4%)	0.03	320 (72.1%)	195 (60.9%)	0.001

LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; VS, voiding symptoms; SS, storage symptoms; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WC, waist circumference; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; HTN, hypertension; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS, metabolic syndrome; QoL, quality-of-life; Qmax, maximal flow rate; PVR, post-void residual urine; PSA, prostate specific antigen; PV, prostate volume; PA, physical activity; Bold values: p < 0.05.

Table  II.  Crude and multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of the age, lifestyle factors, and prostate volume for moderate-to-severe LUTS.

	Moderate/Severe LUTS				Moderate/Severe voiding symptoms				Moderate/Severe storage symptoms
	Crude ORs (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CI)	p value	Crude ORs (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CI)	p value	Crude ORs (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CI)	p value
Age (year)	1.04 (1.02–1.07)	0.001	1.04 (1.01–1.06)	0.006	1.05 (1.02–1.07)	<0.001	1.04 (1.02–1.07)	0.001	1.03 (1.00–1.05)	0.022	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	0.162
Smoking
Non-smoker	1		1		1		1		1		1
Former smoker	2.22 (1.45–3.41)	<0.001	2.17 (1.37–3.42)	0.001	2.13 (1.41–3.22)	<0.001	2.02 (1.30–3.13)	0.002	2.20 (1.46–3.33)	<0.001	2.06 (1.32–3.21)	0.001
Current smoker	2.36 (1.50–3.71)	<0.001	2.51 (1.54–4.10)	<0.001	2.45 (1.58–3.78)	<0.001	2.39 (1.50–3.82)	<0.001	1.97 (1.28–3.02)	0.002	1.92 (1.20–3.06)	0.006
Alcohol
Non-drinker	1		1		1		1		1		1
Former drinker	3.82 (1.42–10.26)	0.008	2.14 (0.75–6.08)	0.153	2.96 (1.27–6.90)	0.012	1.68 (0.68–4.17)	0.263	4.87 (1.93–12.31)	0.001	2.93 (1.10–7.83)	0.032
Current drinker	0.99 (0.67–1.45)	0.941	0.77 (0.50–1.18)	0.229	1.25 (0.85–1.84)	0.254	1.02 (0.67–1.55)	0.938	1.01 (0.68–1.49)	0.970	0.83 (0.54–1.28)	0.394
Regular PA	0.71 (0.52–0.96)	0.027	0.72 (0.52–0.99)	0.043	0.72 (0.53–0.97)	0.031	0.71 (0.52–0.98)	0.040	0.61 (0.45–0.82)	0.001	0.61 (0.45–0.85)	0.003
PV (mL)	1.02 (1.01–1.04)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.006	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.001	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	0.014	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	<0.001	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	<0.001

LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; PA, physical activity; PV, prostate volume; Bold values: p < 0.05.

Table  III.  Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of the age, lifestyle factors, and prostate volume for moderate-to-severe LUTS in subjects without metabolic syndrome (Non-MS group) and with metabolic syndrome (MS group).

	Non-MS group						MS group
	Multivariate adjusted ORs for LUTS (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs for VS (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs for SS (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs for LUTS (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs for VS (95% CI)	p value	Multivariate adjusted ORs for SS (95% CI)	p value
Age (year)	1.03 (1.00–1.06)	0.089	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	0.006	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.765	1.07 (1.02–1.13)	0.006	1.05 (1.00–1.10)	0.051	1.08 (1.02–1.13)	0.004
Smoking
Non-smoker	1		1		1		1		1		1
Former smoker	2.08 (1.21–3.55)	0.008	1.80 (1.07–3.03)	0.027	2.25 (1.33–3.81)	0.002	3.10 (1.23–7.82)	0.017	2.98 (1.25–7.11)	0.014	2.27 (0.92–5.62)	0.076
Current smoker	2.60 (1.45–4.64)	0.001	2.26 (1.30–3.94)	0.004	2.43 (1.39–4.23)	0.002	2.72 (1.04–7.14)	0.042	3.02 (1.21–7.53)	0.017	1.35 (0.52–3.47)	0.538
Alcohol
Non-drinker	1		1		1		1		1		1
Former drinker	1.95 (0.59–6.43)	0.274	1.67 (0.57–4.88)	0.352	2.21 (0.72–6.83)	0.167	3.32 (0.35–31.36)	0.296	1.84 (0.31–10.81)	0.499	9.27 (0.99–86.44)	0.051
Current drinker	0.93 (0.57–1.52)	0.785	1.21 (0.75–1.97)	0.434	0.93 (0.57–1.52)	0.767	0.44 (0.18–1.08)	0.074	0.59 (0.24–1.44)	0.246	0.58 (0.22–1.53)	0.273
Regular PA	0.82 (0.56–1.19)	0.295	0.74 (0.51–1.08)	0.116	0.78 (0.53–1.13)	0.188	0.41 (0.21–0.83)	0.013	0.60 (0.30–1.17)	0.132	0.24 (0.12–0.49)	<0.001
PV (mL)	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	0.018	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	0.048	1.03 (1.02–1.05)	<0.001	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	0.241	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	0.186	1.01 (0.99–1.04)	0.291

MS, metabolic syndrome; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; VS, voiding symptoms; SS, storage symptoms; PA, physical activity; PV, prostate volume; Bold values: p < 0.05.