Estrogen receptor alpha single nucleotide polymorphism as predictor of diabetes type 2 risk in hypogonadal men

Figures & data

Table 1. Primers used for amplification of SNPs in ESR1 and ESR2, respectively.

Primer	Sequence 5′-3′	Band length
ESR1 Fw	CGA CAT GCT GCT GGC TAC	475 bp
ESR1 Rev	TGG AGC CTG GAA TTG GTC
ESR1 FwA	ATA GAA AGA AAC TAC TGA CAC ACA	281 bp
ESR1 FwG	ATA GAA AGA AAC TAC TGA CAC ACG	281 bp
ESR2 Fw	ACT TGC CAT TCT GTC TCT ACA	409 bp
ESR2 Rev	AGG ACC CTG AAT CCT
ESR2 RevA	AGC TCT CCA AGA GCC GT	127 bp
ESR2 RevG	AGC TCT CCA AGA GCC GC	127 bp

Figure 1. Measured levels of total testosterone and free testosterone in men with subnormal levels of both total and free testosterone (×), subnormal levels of total testosterone (○) and men with normal levels of both total and free testosterone (Δ). The cut-off values (11 and 0.18 nmol/L) are indicated by the vertical and horizontal lines, respectively.

Figure 2. The distribution of E2 in the study population (n = 167).

Table 2. Risk of having developed diabetes for carriers of ESR1 variants with normal or subnormal total testosterone concentrations, adjusted for age.

Total T (nmol/L)	Genotype	Total, n	Diabetes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	p Value
≤11	AA/AG	25	6 (24.0)	7.3 (1.3–41.7)	0.025
	GG	43	2 (4.7)
>11	AA/AG	49	2 (4.1)	0.4 (0.1–2.4)	0.354
	GG	55	5 (6.1)

Table 3. Risk of having developed diabetes for carriers of ESR1 variants with normal or subnormal free testosterone concentrations, adjusted for age.

Free T (nmol/L)	Genotype	Total, n	Diabetes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	p Value
≤0.18	AA/AG	14	6 (42.9)	15.9 (1.6–166.7)	0.018
	GG	23	1 (4.3)
>0.18	AA/AG	60	2 (3.3)	0.5 (0.1–2.4)	0.323
	GG	75	6 (8.0)

Table 4. Risk of having developed diabetes for carriers of ESR2 variants with normal or subnormal total testosterone concentrations, adjusted for age.

Total T (nmol/L)	Genotype	Total, n	Diabetes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	p Value
≤11	AA/AG	6	1 (16.7)	3.3 (0.3–41.7)	0.352
	GG	62	7 (11.3)
>11	AA/AG	7	0 (0.0)	NA
	GG	97	7 (7.2)

NA, not analyzed with logistic regression because of 0 subjects in one of the cells. However, using Fisher’s exact test p = 1.

Table 5. Risk of having developed diabetes for carriers of ESR2 variants with normal or subnormal free testosterone concentrations, adjusted for age.

Free T (nmol/L)	Genotype	Total, n	Diabetes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	p Value
≤0.18	AA/AG	3	1 (33.3)	7.9 (0.3–200.0)	0.211
	GG	34	6 (17.6)
>0.18	AA/AG	10	0 (0.0)	NA
	GG	125	8 (6.4)

NA, not analyzed with logistic regression because of 0 subjects in one of the cells. However, using Fisher’s exact test p = 1.