Uncomplicated diabetes does not accelerate age-related sarcopenia

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic, clinical, bioelectrical impedance analysis, effort test and laboratory data of diabetic and elderly groups.

	Younger DM (n = 16)	Elderly NDM (n = 16)	Elderly DM (n = 16)	p*
Age (year)	57.3 ± 5.1	71.2 ± 5.7	69.4 ± 4.1	<0.001, <0.001, 0.58
WC (cm)	98 ± 6	98 ± 10	106 ± 17	0.9, 0.12, 0.08
Height (cm)	171.6 ± 4.1	170.3 ± 5.8	169.5 ± 5.7	0.79, 0.52, 0.9
Weight (kg)	82 ± 7	79 ± 11	84 ± 8	0.57, 0.9, 0.32
BMI (kg/m^2)	28 ± 2	27 ± 4	29 ± 3	0.83, 0.57, 0.26
Muscle mass (kg)	59 ± 4.9	56 ± 4	58 ± 5	0.17, 0.84, 0.42
CFFM (kg/m^2)	20.1 ± 1.8	19.3 ± 1.5	20.3 ± 1.7	0.46, 0.99, 0.32
C reactive protein (mg/l)	2.1 ± 1.57	2.08 ± 2.69	3.6 ± 3.2	0.4, 0.1, 0.15
HbA1c (%)	7.3 ± 1.8	5.7 ± 0.3	6.8 ± 1	<0.001, 0.53, <0.001
Urine microalbumin (mg/l)	134.9 ± 264.2	16.5 ± 15.1	62.9 ± 134.7	0.09, 0.8, 0.06
Microalbuminuria present (%)	43.8	12.5	30.8	0.1, 0.7, 0.4
25-OH D vitamin (ng/ml)	17.8 ± 5.6	21.7 ± 10.6	20.7 ± 13.5	0.7, 0.9, 1
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	13.9 ± 1	13.8 ± 1.4	13.2 ± 1.2	1, 0.5, 0.6
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.9 ± 0.1	1 ± 0.1	1.08 ± 0.2	1, 0.2, 0.2
Albumin (g/dl)	4.5 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2	0.028, 0.034, 1
GFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	58 ± 11	73.8 ± 11.8	49.3 ± 11.2	<0.001, 0.09, <0.001
Functional capacity	1 ± 0	1.1 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.5	0.72, 0.12, 0.28
Metabolic equivalent	10 ± 1.7	8.7 ± 2.3	7.3 ± 1.9	0.26, 0.008, 0.26
Maximum heart rate	95.1 ± 5	94.8 ± 6.8	97.5 ± 4.5	0.82, 0.18, 0.39

NDM non-diabetic, DM diabetic, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, CFFM fat-free mass corrected for height squared, GFR glomerular filtration rate.

*Comparison between younger DM and elderly NDM, younger DM and elderly DM, and elderly NDM and elderly DM groups.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Demographic, clinical, bioelectrical impedance analysis and laboratory data of the control group in comparison with other groups..

	YNDM (n = 18)	YD (n = 16)	END (n = 16)	ED (n = 16)	p*
Age (year)	28.7 ± 3.9	57.3 ± 5.1	71.2 ± 5.7	69.4 ± 4.1	<0.001, <0.001, <0.001
WC (cm)	91.1 ± 8.2	98 ± 6	98 ± 10	106 ± 17	0.2, 0.3, 0.002
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.9 ± 3	28 ± 2	27 ± 4	29 ± 3	0.2, 0.6, 0.02
Muscle mass (kg)	59.7 ± 5.5	59 ± 4.9	56 ± 4	58 ± 5	0.9, 0.2, 0.8
CFFM (kg/m^2)	19.6 ± 1.4	20.1 ± 1.8	19.3 ± 1.5	20.3 ± 1.7	0.8, 0.9, 0.6
C reactive protein (mg/l)	1.6 ± 1	2.1 ± 1.57	2.08 ± 2.69	3.6 ± 3.2	0.9, 0.9, 0.07
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 1.8	5.7 ± 0.3	6.8 ± 1	<0.001, 0.8, 0.001
Urine microalbumin (mg/l)	16.8 ± 22.3	134.9 ± 264.2	16.5 ± 15.1	62.9 ± 134.7	0.2, 1, 0.9
25-OH D vitamin (ng/ml)	22 ± 8.9	17.8 ± 5.6	21.7 ± 10.6	20.7 ± 13.5	0.6, 1, 1
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	14.9 ± 1	13.9 ± 1	13.8 ± 1.4	13.2 ± 1.2	0.077, 0.048, 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	1 ± 0.1	1.08 ± 0.2	0.4, 0.4, 0.004
Albumin (g/dl)	4.7 ± 0.2	4.5 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2	0.02, <0.001, <0.001
GFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	72.3 ± 14.3	58 ± 11	73.8 ± 11.8	49.3 ± 11.2	0.006, 1, <0.001

YND younger non-diabetics, YD younger diabetics, END elderly non-diabetics, ED elderly diabetics, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, CFFM fat-free mass corrected for height squared, GFR glomerular filtration rate.

*Comparison between YND and YD, YND and END, and YND and ED groups, respectively.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Laboratory data and muscle strength measurements of diabetic and elderly groups.

Muscle strength	Younger DM	Elderly NDM	Elderly DM	p*
Right extensor (60°/s)	143 ± 33	123 ± 22	128 ± 23	0.07, 0.21, 0.32
Left extensor (60°/s)	146 ± 37	131 ± 23	128 ± 25	0.14, 0.19, 0.76
Right flexor (60°/s)	102 ± 18	90 ± 16	93 ± 11	0.05, 0.1, 0.71
Left flexor (60°/s)	103 ± 17	88 ± 16	89 ± 21	0.02, 0.033, 0.94
Right extensor (90°/s)	120 ± 28	109 ± 20	110 ± 17	0.11, 0.21, 0.56
Left extensor (90°/s)	131 ± 31	113 ± 23	116 ± 21	0.1, 0.25, 0.84
Right flexor (90°/s)	97 ± 18	88 ± 15	87 ± 14	0.12, 0.08, 0.96
Left flexor (90°/s)	95 ± 16	78 ± 16	85 ± 19	0.004, 0.016, 0.69
Average extensor	135 ± 30	119 ± 20	121 ± 20	0.09, 0.29, 0.67
Average flexor	99 ± 16	86 ± 14	89 ± 16	0.02, 0.029, 0.8
General average	117 ± 21	103 ± 16	105 ± 17	0.038, 0.044, 0.67

NDM non-diabetic, DM diabetic.

*Comparison between younger DM and elderly NDM, younger DM and elderly DM, and elderly NDM and elderly DM groups, respectively.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Table 4. Muscle strength measurements of the control group in comparison with other groups.

Muscle strength	YND	YD	END	ED	p*
Right extensor (60°/s)	179 ± 37	143 ± 33	123 ± 22	128 ± 23	0.008, <0.001, <0.001
Left extensor (60°/s)	183 ± 36	146 ± 37	131 ± 23	128 ± 25	0.006, <0.001, <0.001
Right flexor (60°/s)	119 ± 21	102 ± 18	90 ± 16	93 ± 11	0.018, <0.001, <0.001
Left flexor (60°/s)	117 ± 24	103 ± 17	88 ± 16	89 ± 21	0.072, <0.001, 0.002
Right extensor (90°/s)	160 ± 29	120 ± 28	109 ± 20	110 ± 17	<0.001, <0.001, <0.001
Left extensor (90°/s)	166 ± 28	131 ± 31	113 ± 23	116 ± 21	0.002, <0.001, <0.001
Right flexor (90°/s)	112 ± 20	97 ± 18	88 ± 15	87 ± 14	0.040, <0.001, <0.001
Left flexor (90°/sc)	108 ± 20	95 ± 16	78 ± 16	85 ± 19	0.065, 0.001, 0.002
Average extensor	172 ± 31	135 ± 30	119 ± 20	121 ± 20	0.001, <0.001, <0.001
Average flexor	114 ± 20	99 ± 16	86 ± 14	89 ± 16	0.032, <0.001, <0.001
General average	143 ± 23.7	117 ± 21	103 ± 16	105 ± 17	0.003, <0.001, <0.001

YND younger non-diabetics, YD younger diabetics, END elderly non-diabetics, ED elderly diabetics.

*Comparison between YND and YD, YND and END, and YND and ED groups, respectively.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Table 5. Correlation of CFFM and AMS with other parameters.

	CFFM		AMS
Variable	r	p	R	p
Age (year)	−0.47	0.36	−0.5	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	0.17	<0.001	−0.05	0.211
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	0.23	<0.001	−0.02	0.276
C reactive protein (mg/l)	−0.05	0.216	−0.11	0.048
Hemoglobin A1c (%)	0.18	0.442	−0.04	0.001
Urine microalbumin (mg/l)	0.04	0.436	−0.38	0.203
25-OH D vitamin (ng/ml)	0.14	0.537	−0.05	0.865
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	−0.17	0.008	0.38	<0.001
Albumin (g/dl)	0.12	0.431	0.37	<0.001
GFR-MDRD (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	−0.25	0.04	0.1	0.4
Functional capacity	−0.16	0.8	−0.56	0.002
Metabolic equivalent (kcal/kg/h)	−0.2	0.015	0.5	0.002
Maximum heart rate	0.04	0.3	−0.18	0.550

CFFM Fat-free mass corrected for height squared, AMS average muscle strength, GFR-MDRD glomerular filtration rate calculated by short MDRD formula.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).