The association of metabolic syndrome and aging with cognition in Asian men

Figures & data

Table

TG groups (TGGp):	TGGp1 < 1.7 mmol/l	TGGp2 ≥ 1.7 mmol/l
HDL groups (HDLGp):	HDLGp1 ≥ 1.03 mmol/l	HDLGp2 < 1.03 mol/l
TC groups (TCGp):	TCGp1 < 6.2 mmol/l	TCGp2 ≥ 6.2 mmol/l
LDL groups (LDLGp):	LDLGp1 < 4.14 mmol/l	LDLGp2 ≥ 4.14 mmol/l
TC/HDL groups (TC/HDLGp):	TC/HDLGp1 < 5.0	TC/HDLGp2 ≥ 5.0
GLU groups (GLUGp):	GLUGp1 < 5.6 mmpl/l	GLUGp2 ≥ 5.6 mmol/l
%BF groups (%BFGp):	%BFGp1 < 25%	%BFGp2 ≥ 25%
BMI Groups (BMIGp):	BMIGp1 < 27 kg/m^2	BMIGp2 ≥ 27 kg/m^2
W groups (WGp):	WGp1 < 92.5 cm	WGp2 ≥ 92.5
W/H ratio groups (WHGp):	WHGp1 < 0.94	WHGp2 ≥ 0.94
W/Ht ratio groups (WHtGp):	WHtGp1 < 0.55	WHtGp2 ≥ 0.55

Table

Msym0	0 risk factor
Msym1	1 risk factor out of 5 listed for MetS
Msym2	2 risk factors out of 5 listed for MetS
Msym3	≥3 risk factors out of 5 listed for MetS

Table 1. Parameters with significant regression with the three cognitive parameters (number of errors (ERR), retention time (RT) and maximum length of string (DSpan) based on linear regression analyses using the “stepwise” method for all continuous variables including age, MET-min, %BF, systolic B/P, Diastolic B/P, BMI, waist circumference (W), waist/hip ratio (WH), waist/height ratio (WHt), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL), TC/HDL ratio, fasting glucose concentration (GLU).

Cognitive functions		Standardized Coefficients (Beta)	p Value
Err	GLU	0.175	<0.001
RT (msec)	Age	0.285	<0.001
	MET-min	−0.116	0.015
	GLU	0.109	0.024
DSpan	TG	0.138	0.006
	WHt	−0.114	0.023

Table 2. The mean (+SE) of exercise score, metabolic and anthropometric parameters and 3 measures of cognitive function Err, RT and DSpan in the different age groups (MET-min, WHt, TG and GLU were covariates for analyses of Err, RT, and DSpan in different age groups).

	AgeGp1 < 40 y (61)	AgeGp2 41–50 (186)	AgeGp351–60 (146)	AgeGp4 > 60 y (73)
Err	1.87 ± 0.299	1.59 ± 0.173	1.33 ± 0.187	1.68 ± 0.287
RT(msec)	2279 ± 50^a	2329 ± 30^b	2454 ± 31^c	2574 ± 48
DSpan	6.98 ± 0.162	7.05 ± 0.095^d	6.94 ± 0.103	6.55 ± 0.15
Met-min	436 ± 98^e	577 ± 58^e	575 ± 62^e	970 ± 92
Systolic (mmHg)	123 ± 1.9^f	124 ± 1.1^f	128 ± 1.1^f	137 ± 1.7
Diastolic (mmHg)	77.7 ± 1.2^g	78.2 ± 0.7^g	80.5 ± 0.7	82.7 ± 1.1
Ht (cm)	171.4 ± 0.76^h	169.5 ± 0.42^i	167.6 ± 0.45	166.3 ± 0.68
Wt (Kg)	70.2 ± 1.28	68.5 ± 0.71	67.8 ± 0.75	65.7 ± 1.14
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.9 ± 0.39	23.8 ± 0.21	24.1 ± 0.23	23.7 ± 0.35
W (cm)	83.9 ± 0.91	83.7 ± 0.51	85.3 ± 0.54	85.9 ± 0.82
H (cm)	97.0 ± 0.73^j	95.6 ± 0.40	95.6 ± 0.43	94.0 ± 0.65
W/H	0.87 ± 0.006^k	0.88 ± 0.003^l	0.89 ± 0.00^m	0.91 ± 0.005
W/Ht	0.49 ± 0.00^n	0.49 ± 0.003^o	0.51 ± 0.003	0.52 ± 0.005
TC (mmol/l)	5.77 ± 0.132	5.75 ± 0.073	5.72 ± 0.78	5.80 ± 0.118
TG (mmol/l)	1.31 ± 0.092	1.46 ± 0.051	1.56 ± 0.054	1.34 ± 0.082
HDL(mmol/l)	1.32 ± 0.039	1.33 ± 0.022	1.32 ± 0.023	1.42 ± 0.035
LDL (mmol/l)	3.87 ± 0.121	3.77 ± 0.067	3.71 ± 0.071	3.77 ± 0.108
TC/HDL	4.55 ± 0.144	4.50 ± 0.080	4.54 ± 0.085	4.23 ± 0.129
GLU (mmol/l)	4.91 ± 0.93	4.79 ± 0.051^p	4.99 ± 0.055	5.22 ± 0.083
No. Metsym	0.51 ± 0.12^q	0.71 ± 0.07^r	0.92 ± 0.07	1.07 ± 0.11

^aAgeGp1 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.003, <0.001),

^bAgeGp2 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.008, <0.001),

^cAgeGp3 is significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p = 0.036),

^dAgeGp2 is significantly higher than AgeGp4 (p = 0.036),

^eAgeGp1, AgeGp2 & AgeGp3 are significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p ≤ 0.001, 0.002, 0.002),

^fAgeGp1, AgeGp2 & AgeGp3 are significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p ≤ 0.001, <0.001, <0.001),

^gAgeGp1 & AgeGp2 are significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p = 0.018, 0.004),

^hAgeGp1 is significantly higher than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p ≤ 0.001, <0.001),

ⁱAgeGp2 is significantly higher than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.015, <0.001),

^jAgeGp1 is significantly higher than AgeGp4 (p = 0.018),

^kAgeGp1 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p ≤ 0.001, <0.001)

^lAgeGp2 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.002, <0.001),

^mAgeGp3 is significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p = 0.004),

ⁿAgeGp1 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.003, <0.001),

^oAgeGp2 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.004, <0.001),

^pAgeGp2 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.036, <0.001),

^qAgeGp1 is significantly lower than AgeGp3 & AgeGp4 (p = 0.024, 0.004),

^rAgeGp2 is significantly lower than AgeGp4 (p = 0.031).

Table 3. Associations of exercise groups and metabolic factors with Err, RT and DSpan using the multivariate analyses with the appropriate covariates including MET-min, age, WHt, TG and GLU.

	ExGp1 (141)	ExGp2 (143)	ExGp3 (186)
Err	1.95 ± 0.196	1.39 ± 0.194	1.45 ± 0.171
RT (msec)	2503 ± 32^a	2360 ± 32	2365 ± 28
DSpan	6.88 ± 0.107	6.99 ± 0.106	6.89 ± 0.093
	%BFGp1 (411)	%BFGp2 (19)
Err	1.57 ± 0.115	1.69 ± 0.551
RT (msec)	2416 ± 19	2268 ± 90
DSpan	6.93 ± 0.063^b	6.28 ± 0.298
	WGp1 (421)	WGp2 (49)
Err	1.58 ± 0.119	1.53 ± 0.372
RT (msec)	2415 ± 19	2359 ± 61
DSpan	6.92 ± 0.065	6.77 ± 0.204
	WHGp1 (423)	WHGp2 (47)
Err	1.58 ± 0.114	1.59 ± 0.370
RT (msec)	2402 ± 19	2430 ± 61
DSpan	6.93 ± 0.062	6.80 ± 0.202
	WHtGp1 (399)	WHtGp2 (71)
Err	1.56 ± 0.116	1.72 ± 0.279
RT (msec)	2400 ± 19	2431 ± 46
DSpan	6.95 ± 0.064	6.75 ± 0.153
	BMIGp1 (436)	BM1Gp2 (15)
Err	1.60 ± 0.110	0.479 ± 0.593
RT (msec)	2401 ± 18	2365 ± 97
DSpan	6.92 ± 0.060	6.55 ± 0.325
	BPGp1 (371)	BPGp2 (77)
Err	1.55 ± 0.121	1.65 ± 0.268
RT (msec)	2418 ± 20	2329 ± 44
DSpan	6.91 ± 0.065	6.79 ± 0.146
	HDLGp1 (74)	HDLGP2 (396)
Err	1.46 ± 0.280	1.60 ± 0.117
RT (msec)	2396 ± 46	2406 ± 19
DSpan	7.06 ± 0.153	6.89 ± 0.064
	TGGp1 (328)	TGGp2 (142)
Err	1.62 ± 0.130	1.49 ± 0.199
RT (msec)	2416 ± 21	2379 ± 33
DSpan	6.84 ± 0.071^c	7.11 ± 0.110
	GLUGp1 (427)	GLUGp2 (43)
Err	1.49 ± 0.113^d	2.48 ± 0.370
RT (msec)	2397 ± 18	2486 ± 60
DSpan	6.94 ± 0.062	6.71 ± 0.201
No. METS symptoms	Msym0 (196)	Msym1 (154)	Msym2 (96)	Msym3 (26)
Err	1.50 ± 0.18	1.46 ± 0.19	1.75 ± 0.29	2.14 ± 0.51
RT (msec)	2429 ± 29	2382 ± 31	2385 ± 48	2382 ± 85
DSpan	6.91 ± 0.10	6.83 ± 0.102	6.97 ± 0.16	6.95 ± 0.28

^aExGp1 is significantly higher than ExGp2 & ExGp3 (p = 0.005, 0.004),

^b%BFGp1 is significantly higher than %BFGp2 (p = 0.043),

^cTGGp1 is significantly lower than TGGp2 (p = 0.043),

^dGLUGp1 is significantly lower than GLUGp2 (p = 0.011).