Chronic pain in type 2 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study in primary care setting

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics between patients with features of neuropathic and nociceptive pain.

	Total study population^a	Patients with neuropathic pain	Patients with nociceptive pain
	(n = 333)	(n = 155)	(n = 178)
Variable	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	P
Age in years				0.193
≤ 65	93 (28.7)	48 (32.0)	45 (25.9)
> 65	231 (71.3)	102 (68.0)	129 (74.1)
Mean ± SD	70.6 ± 9.7	69.8 ± 10.3	71.2 ± 9.2
Range	38–98	38–98	43–89
Missing	9	5	4
Gender				0.002
Male	111 (34.3)	38 (25.2)	73 (42.2)
Female	213 (65.7)	113 (74.8)	100 (57.8)
Missing	9	4	5
Family status				0.129
Married	241 (73.9)	106 (69.7)	135 (77.6)
Other	85 (26.1)	46 (30.3)	39 (22.4)
Missing	7	3	4
Country of birth				0.352
Israel	26 (8.0)	16 (10.5)	10 (5.8)
Asia/Africa	135 (41.7)	62 (40.5)	73 (42.7)
Eastern Europe (former USSR)	127 (39.2)	61 (39.9)	66 (38.6)
Europe, North America, South America
South Africa	36 (11.1)	14 (9.2)	22 (12.9)
Missing	9	2	7
Education				0.408
Elementary	85 (26.9)	44 (30.1)	41 (24.1)
High school	163 (51.6)	74 (50.7)	89 (52.4)
Academic	68 (21.5)	28 (19.2)	40 (23.5)
Missing	17	9	8
Present work status				0.947
Employed	37 (11.6)	17 (11.3)	20 (11.8)
Unemployed	64 (20.0)	29 (19.3)	35 (20.6)
Retired	219 (68.4)	104 (69.3)	115 (67.6)
Missing	13	5	8
How would you define your religiosity?				0.859
Religious	57 (17.3)	25 (16.2)	32 (18.3)
Traditional	156 (47.4)	75 (48.7)	81 (46.3)
Secular	116 (35.3)	54 (35.1)	62 (35.4)
Missing	4	1	3

^aDue to missing data in the S-LANSS questionnaire nine patients were excluded.

Table 2. Pain characteristics in DM patients.

	Total study population^a	Patients with neuropathic pain	Patients with nociceptive pain
	(n = 333)	(n = 155)	(n = 178)
Variable	n	n %	n %	P
Average pain duration (months)				0.401
1–3	21	8 (6.7)	13 (9.7)
4–6	23	10 (8.3)	13 (9.7)
7–12	26	14 (11.7)	12 (8.9)
> 12	184	88 (73.3)	96 (71.6)
Mean ± SD	77.7 ± 117.6	71.2 ± 103.2	83.6 ± 129.3
Range	1–816	1–756	1–816
Missing	79	35	44
What is the frequency of the pain?				< 0.0001
Constant	125	72 (57.6)	53 (42.4)
Once a day	30	12 (40.0)	18 (60.0)
Several times a day	53	30 (56.6)	23 (43.4)
Several times a week	53	23 (43.4)	30 (56.6)
Once a week or less	70	17 (24.3)	53 (75.7)
Missing	2	1	1
Is the pain worse during the day or at night?				0.045
During the day	115	43 (37.4)	72 (62.6)
At night	107	57 (53.3)	50 (46.7)
Equally	111	55 (49.5)	56 (50.5)

^aDue to missing data in the S-LANSS questionnaire nine patients were excluded.

Table 3. The effect of pain on daily activity.

	Total study population^a	Patients with neuropathic pain	Patients with nociceptive pain
	(n = 333)	(n = 155)	(n = 178)
Variable	n %	n %	n %	P
Life Impact Index				< 0.0001
None	3 (1.20)	0 (0)	3 (2.1)
Mild	69 (27.7)	14 (13.3)	55 (38.2)
Moderate	112 (45.0)	48 (45.7)	64 (44.4)
Severe	65 (26.1)	43 (41.0)	22 (15.3)
Missing	84	50	34
In general, how severe is the pain?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	6.3 ± 2.5	7.1 ± 2.1	5.7 ± 2.5
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	1	1	–
To what extent does the pain affect daily activities?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.5 ± 2.9	6.4 ± 2.6	4.8 ± 2.9
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	1	1	–
To what extent does the pain affect your mood?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.5 ± 3.0	6.2 ± 2.7	4.9 ± 3.2
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	1	1	–
To what extent does the pain affect your ability to walk?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.5 ± 3.1	6.2 ± 2.8	4.8 ± 3.2
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	1	1	–
To what extent does the pain affect the quantity and quality of your sleep?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.4 ± 3.3	6.5 ± 2.7	4.5 ± 3.5
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	2	1	–
To what extent does the pain affect your relationships with others?				< 0.0001
Mean± SD	3.6 ± 3.1	4.5 ± 3.1	2.7 ± 2.9
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	2	2	–
To what extent does your pain make you feel a need to rest in bed during the day?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.4 ± 3.0	6.4 ± 2.5	4.6 ± 3.1
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	1	1	–
To what extent does your pain affect your regular job?				< 0.0001
Mean ± SD	5.1 ± 3.2	6.0 ± 2.8	4.2 ± 3.2
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	10	5	5
To what extent does your pain interfere with sexual relationships?				0.002
Mean ± SD	5.0 ± 3.6	5.9 ± 3.5	4.4 ± 3.6
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	75	48	27
To what extent does your pain interfere with your sexual functioning?				0.001
Mean ± SD	5.1 ± 3.7	5.9 ± 3.6	4.5 ± 3.7
Range	0–10	0–10	0–10
Missing	72	48	24

^aDue to missing data in the S-LANSS questionnaire nine patients were excluded.

Table 4. Logistic regression model to predict nociceptive pain in DM patients.

Variables	Odds ratio	95%CI	P
Age (continuous)	1.019	0.994–1.045	0.145
Gender
Male	1.543	0.919–2.591	0.101
Female	1
Pain frequency
Constant	0.528	0.322–0.865	0.011
Other	1
Worse pain
During the day	1.629	0.984–2.696	0.058
At night/equally day or night	1
The extent pain affects daily activities (continuous)^a	0.783	0.767–0.919	< 0.0001

^aScale from 0 = active as usual to 10 = not active at all.