Bioactive components and functional properties of Hottuynia cordata and its applications

Figures & data

Table 1.  Chemical components and contents of H. cordata.

Component	Content	References
Water	84.67~86.53 g/100 g	Fu et al., 2006; Qi et al., 2001
Crude protein	2.01~5.26 g/100 g	Qi et al., 2001; Cao & Wang., 2005; Ren et al., 1998
Crude fat	0.3~2.41 g/100 g	Qi et al., 2001; Fu et al., 2006; Ren et al., 1998
Total sugar	1.6~6 g/100 g	Qi et al., 2001; Chen, 2002
Vitamin C	68.47~83.57 mg/100 g	Han, 2003; Qi et al., 2001
β-Carotene	2.59~3.45 mg/100 g	Cao & Wang., 2005; Han, 2003
Potassium	718.1 mg/100 g	Han, 2003
Iron	9.795~12.6 mg/100 g	Han, 2003; Ren et al., 1998
Zinc	56.3 ug/100 g	Xiao et al., 2003
Copper	15.5 ug/100 g	Xiao et al., 2003
Manganese	58.8 ug/100 g	Xiao et al., 2003
Phosphonium	38.27~53 mg/100 g	Han, 2003; Ren et al., 1998; Chen, 2002

Table 2.  The contents of amino acids of H. cordata (Wu et al., 2000).

Component	Content
Threonine (Thr)	0.644%
Valine (Val)	0.772%
Methionine (Met)	0.142%
Leucine (Leu)	0.968%
Lysine (Lys)	0.629%
Isoleucine (Ile)	0.604%
Phenylalanine (Phe)	0.660%
Glutamic acid (Glu)	0.933%
Serine (Ser)	0.261%
Histidine (His)	0.460%
Arginine (Arg)	0.719%
Glycine (Gly)	0.691%
Proline (Pro)	0.728%
Alanine (Ala)	0.729%
Tyrosine (Ala)	0.422%
Aspartic acid (Asp)	1.717%

Figure 1.  The decanoyl acetaldehyde can be converted into 2-undecanone via both oxidation and decarboxylation.

Table 3.  Summary of main extraction techniques of volatile compounds from H. cordata.

Extraction technique	Advantage	Disadvantage	Reference
Steam distillation (SD)	A traditional method	Requires a large amount of sample; time-consuming; destroys heat-sensitive compounds.	(Illes et al., 2000)
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)	A solvent-less extraction technique; reduces loss of constituents		(Liang et al., 2005)
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction	Has relatively low critical pressure and temperature	CO2 – its lack of polarity for the extraction of polar analytes	(Wang et al., 2003)
Flash evaporation (FE)	No extraction and direct application for the analysis; fewer samples needed	FE method is not sensitive to many volatile component; leads to the oxidation of volatile compounds	(Qi et al., 2004)
Organic solvent extraction	An alternative to conventional process	High pressure; solvent remains	(Eikani et al., 1999)

Figure 2.  The molecular structures of quercetin, hyperoside, rutin, and quercitrin (modified from Xu et al., 2006).

Table 4.  Antimicrobial effect of the H. cordata extract.

Strain	Bacteriostatic diameter/mm	Antimicrobial minimum consistence/mic
Staphylococcus aureus	9.0~19.8	0.25~0.8
Escherichia coli	8.7~11.4	0.6~1
Bacillus subtilis	5.8~10.3	0.6~2
Penicillium	5.4~6.3	8
Aspergillus niger	3.4~5.5	8
Budding fungus	6~7.2	8

Fu M, Wu XJ, Chen CG (2006): The quantitative analysis of nutritive composition from H. cordata. J Huaihua Univ 25: 70–71.

 Google Scholar

Qi YC, Hu C, Tian GZ, Li RG (2001): Comparison analysis of nutritive composition from the stem and leaf of Houttuynia cordata. Spec Wild Econ Anim Plant Res 24: 45–46.

 Google Scholar

Cao H, Wang SY (2005): The chemical constituent of H. cordata and the prospect of development. J Sountheast Guizhou Natl Teach Coll 23: 20–22.

 Google Scholar

Ren YC, Zhon YG, Lin WJ, Ye HZ (1998): Preparation of nutritional liquid of the cordata Houttuynia. Food and Mach 1: 13–13.

 Google Scholar

Chen C, Huang H, Wang LH, Liu JY (2002): A study of the utilization status and trends of H. cordata. Crop Res 5: 262–265.

 Google Scholar

Han XJ (2003): The efficacy and cultivation of H. cordata as an edible medicine. Plants 33: 41–41.

 Google Scholar

Xiao M, Liu B, Zhao RZ (2003): Study on assaying minerals contents in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and the processing of its beverage. Food Sci 24: 73–76.

 Google Scholar

Wu SQ, Li XS, Zhou JJ (2000): Determination of amino acids and other nutritious component in Osmunda japonica Thanb and H. cordata. Amino Acids Biotic Resour 3: 65–67.

 Google Scholar

Illes V, Daood HG, Perneczki S, Szokonya L, Then M (2000): Fluids. J Supercrit 17: 177–177.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liang MM, Qi ML, Zhang CB, Zhou S, Fu RN, Huang JX (2005): Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatile compounds from H. cordata after extraction by solid-phase microextraction, flash evaporation and steam distillation. Anal Chim Acta 531: 97–104.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Qi ML, Ge XL, Liang MM, Fu RM (2004): Flash gas chromatography for analysis of volatile compounds from H. cordata. Anal Chim Acta 527: 69–72.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xu XQ, Ye HZ, Wang W, Yu LS, Chen GN (2006): Determination of flavonoids in H. cordata and Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Bail. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Talanta 68: 759–764.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar