Antioxidant, free radical-scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of different solvent extracts and their phenolic constituents from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)

Figures & data

Table 1.  Contents of alpha-mangostin, total phenolic compounds, total tannin in various G. mangostana extracts^a.

Extracts	α-Mangostin content (% w/w in extract)	Total flavonoid content (g EE/100 g extract)	Total tannin content (g TAE/100 g extract)
Water extracts	ND	12.1 ± 0.8	59.6 ± 2.2
Methanol extracts	15.5 ± 1.3	8.72 ± 0.51	37.7 ± 1.9
Hexane extracts	28.7 ± 2.2	6.85 ± 0.43	36.4 ± 1.7

ND, not detectable.

^aEach value represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Table 2.  IC₅₀ of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity in various G.mangostana extracts and test compounds^a.

Test compound	IC50
	DPPH radical-scavenging activity	Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
GM water extracts	11.0 ± 0.8 μg/mL	1.14 ± 0.12 mg/mL	85.1 ± 4.4 μg/mL
GM methanol extracts	14.7 ± 1.3 μg/mL	1.38 ± 0.15 mg/mL	172.1 ± 7.2 μg/mL
GM hexane extracts	41.2 ± 2.4 μg/mL	1.53 ± 0.18 mg/mL	203.5 ± 8.4 μg/mL
Vitamin E	26.2 ± 1.5 μM	–	140.5 ± 9.2 μM
Mannitol	–	4.0 ± 0.29 mM	–
α-mangostin	89.2 ± 2.2 μM	2.61 ± 0.22 mM	402.7 ± 10.3 μM
Epicatechin	13.5 ± 4.2 μM	2.65 ± 0.08 mM	64.2 ± 5.8 μM
Tannin	12.3 ± 1.1 μM	1.42 ± 0.12 mM	104.4 ± 8.9 μM

^aEach value represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Figure 1.  Effect of test compounds on H₂O₂-induced cell damage in keratinocyte cells when added with H₂O₂. Keratinocyte cells were treated with H₂O₂ (200 μM) with various test compounds: (A) water extract, methanol extract, and hexane extract (B) phenolic compounds contained in G. mangostana extracts (α-mangostin, epicatechin, and tannin). After 3 h of incubation, cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^#p < 0.05 compared with the H₂O₂-treated group.

Figure 2.  Effect of test compounds on toxicity in keratinocyte cells. Keratinocyte cells were treated with various test compounds: (A) methanol extract, (B) hexane extract, (C) α-mangostin. After 24 h of incubation, cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^#p < 0.05 compared with the control (without test compounds).