Evaluation of Elephantopus scaber on the inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis and tumor development in mice

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of ES on DMBA induced papillomas in mice.

Treatments	Mean number of papillomas/mouse (weeks)					Quantal 12-week survival	Mean weight of papillomas (mg)
	5	6	8	10	12
Group I
DMBA control	0.2 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.22	1.6 ± 0.09	2.66 ± 0.16	3.66 ± 0.24	30	33.7 ± 1.54
Group II
DMBA + ES^a (100 mg/kg)	NDT	NDT	0.2 ± 0.01	0.6 ± 0.04	1.73 ± 0.10	30	20.6 ± 1.03
Group III
DMBA control	0.2 ± 0.02	0.4 ± 0.03	1.5 ± 0.07	2.8 ± 0.17	3.4 ± 0.26	30	33.1 ± 1.61
Group IV
DMBA + ES^b (100 mg/kg)	NDT	NDT	0.13 ± 0.01	0.46 ± 0.03	0.93 ± 0.06***	30	12.5 ± 0.81

Values are mean ± SD of two separate experiments.

n = 30, indicates the number of animals used in the experiment.

^asingle dose of ES; ^brepeated doses of ES; *** p< 0.001; NDT, no detectable tumors.

Table 2.  Effect of ES on 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) induced sarcomas in mice.

Treatments	Mean diameter of sarcomas (cm) in weeks				Quantal 12-week survival
	6	8	10	12
Group I
MCA (control)	0.61 ± 0.03	0.92 ± 0.05	1.5 ± 0.05	2.8 ± 0.16	20/30
Group II
MCA + ES (100 mg/kg)	NDT	NDT	0.59 ± 0.02	1.1 ± 0.06**	24/30
Group III
MCA + ES (200 mg/kg)	NDT	NDT	0.58 ± 0.03	1.21 ± 0.07**	24/30

Values are mean ± SD of two separate experiments.

n = 30, indicates the number of animals used in the experiment; ND, no detectable tumors; **p<0.01.

Table 3.  Effect of ES on the life span of DLA solid tumor bearing mice.

Treatments	Number of mice survived after tumor inoculation (days)			Mean survival time (days)	Life span (%)	Increase in life span (%)
	15	30	45
Group I
DLA (control)	9/9	2/9	0/9	33.86 ± 1.7	100	–
Group II
DLA + ES (100 mg/kg, i.p.)	9/9	8/9	5/9	49.54 ± 2.3***	147.48	47.48
Group III
DLA + ES (200 mg/kg, i.p.)	9/9	8/9	7/9	56.84 ± 3.3***	167.86	67.86

Values are mean ± SD of three experiments.

n = 9, indicates the number of animals used in the experiment; ***p <0.001, compared to control.

Table 4.  Effect of ES on the life span of EAC solid tumor bearing mice.

Treatments	Number of mice survived after tumor inoculation (days)			Mean survival time (days)	Life span (%)	Increase in life span (%)
	15	30	45
Group I
EAC (control)	9/9	0/9	0/9	22.49 ± 1.13	100	–
Group II
EAC + ES (100 mg/kg, i.p.)	9/9	4/9	0/9	29.9 ± 1.39***	132.94	32.94
Group III
EAC+ ES (200 mg/kg, i.p.)	9/9	6/9	0/9	32.7 ± 1.9***	145.39	45.39

Values are mean ± SD of three experiments.

n = 9, indicates the number of animals used in the experiment.

*** p < 0.001 compared to control.