Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism

Figures & data

Table 1.  Plant materials used in this study.

Botanical name	Family	Voucher number	Part used
Allium sativum L.	Alliaceae	SKP 006 01 19 01	Clove
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.	Zingiberaceae	SKP 206 01 07 01	Rhizomes
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. indica	Meliaceae	SKP 112 01 09 01	Leaves
Cassia fistula L.	Leguminosae	SKP 097.1 03 06 01	Pod
Dioscorea membranacea Pierre	Dioscoreaceae	SKP 062 04 13 01	Rhizome
Eupatorium odoratum L.	Asteraceae	SKP 020 05 15 01	Leaves
Gynura pseudochina var. hispida Thwaites	Asteraceae	SKP 020 07 16 01	Leaves
Impatiens balsamina L.	Balsaminaceae	SKP 021 09 02 01	Leaves
Mimusops elengi L.	Sapotaceae	SKP 171 13 05 01	Leaves
Morinda citrifolia L.	Rubiaceae	SKP 165 13 03 01	Leaves
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	SKP 117 13 01 01	Leaves
Muntingia calabura L.	Tiliaceae	SKP 194 13 03 01	Leaves
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	SKP 125 14 14 01	Leaves
Phyllanthus emblica L.	Euphorbiaceae	SKP 071 16 05 01	Leaves
Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	SKP 123 16 07 01	Leaves
Punica granatum L.	Punicaceae	SKP 158 16 07 01	Fruit peel
Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	SKP 097.1 03 19 01	Leaves
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Myrtaceae	SKP 123 05 03 01	Leaves

Table 2.  Yield of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of medicinal plants.

Medicinal plant	%Yield (w/w)
	EtOAc ext.	MeOH ext.
A. sativum	0.29	3.68
A. galanga	1.20	23.00
A. indica var. indica	4.33	10.01
C. fistula	0.51	37.96
D. membranacea	1.3	10.1
E. odoratum	11.94	15.53
G. pseudochina var. hispida	6.40	5.83
I. balsamina	11.02	12.39
M. elengi	4.32	17.59
M. citrifolia	7.55	12.89
M. alba	3.00	3.60
M. calabura	9.45	13.32
N. nucifera	3.60	13.06
P. emblica	9.23	10.77
P. guajava	6.07	16.69
P. granatum	3.38	29.64
S. siamea	6.90	15.26
S. cumini	2.29	9.61

Table 3.  Minimum inhibitory concentration of the herbal extracts.

Medicinal plant	Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL)
	P. acnes		S. aureus		S. epidermidis
	EtOAc ext.	MeOH ext.	EtOAc ext.	MeOH ext.	EtOAc ext.	MeOH ext.
A. sativum	312.0	N/A	78.0	N/A	19.5	N/A
A. galanga	156.0	>5.0 × 10^3	625.0	>5.0 × 10^3	625.0	>5.0 × 10^3
A. indica var. indica	–	–	–	–	–	1.25 × 10^3
E. odoratum	312.0	5.0 × 10^3	625.0	–	625.0	–
G. pseudochina var. hispida	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	–	–	–
I. balsamina	–	–	–	2.5 × 10^3	–	–
M. elengi	–	–	–	625.0	–	312.0
M. calabura	–	–	–	2.5 × 10^3	–	2.5 × 10^3
N. nucifera	–	–	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	625.0
P. emblica	2.5 × 10^3	312.0	312.0	312.0	312.0	312.0
P. guajava	–	625.0	625.0	312.0	–	312.0
P. granatum	–	156.0	–	625.0	–	–
S. siamea	–	1.0 × 10^4	–	N/A	–	–
S. cumini	312.0	1.25 × 10^3	312.0	625.0	156.0	312.0
Tetracycline	0.15		0.30		0.04

–, not performed due to no inhibition zone.

Table 4.  Minimum bactericidal concentration of the herbal extracts.

Medicinal plant	Minimum bactericidal concentration (µg/mL)
	P. acnes		S. aureus		S. epidermidis
	EtOAc	MeOH	EtOAc	MeOH	EtOAc	MeOH
A. sativum	625.0	–	312.0	–	78.0	–
A. galanga	312.0	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	1.25 × 10^3	–
A. indica var. indica	–	–	–	–	–	1.25 × 10^3
E. odoratum	625.0	5.0 × 10^3	1.25 × 10^3	–	1.25 × 10^3	–
G. pseudochina var. hispida	–	1.0 × 10^4	–	–	–	–
I. balsamina	–	–	–	5.0 × 10^3	–	–
M. elengi	–	–	–	625.0	–	625.0
M. calabura	–	–	–	2.5 × 10^3	–	2.5 × 10^3
N. nucifera	–	–	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	625.0
P. emblica	5.0 × 10^3	625.0	625.0	312.0	625.0	312.0
P. guajava	–	1.25 × 10^3	625.0	625.0	–	625.0
P. granatum	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	1.25 × 10^3	–	–
S. siamea	–	>10^4	–	–	–	–
S. cumini	312.0	1.25 × 10^3	1.25 × 10^3	625.0	1.25 × 10^3	312.0
Tetracycline	4.9		9.7		4.9

–, not performed due to no inhibition zone.

Table 5.  Antibacterial activity of the pooled fractions isolated by silica gel vacuum column against P. acnes.

Fraction	Yield (g)	Inhibition zone (mm)	MIC (μg/mL)
I	4.3	14	>5000
II	13.7	42	312
III	12.4	42	312
IV	8.5	40	625
V	1.5	46	1250
VI	1.7	20	1250
VII	0.8	18	1250
VIII	0.5	10	1250
IX	0.6	n.i.	–
X	0.4	n.i.	–

n.i., no inhibition zone; –, not performed due to no inhibition zone.

Table 6.  Antibacterial activity of the pooled fractions isolated by silica gel column against P. acnes.

Fraction	Yield (g)	Inhibition zone (mm)	MIC (μg/mL)
I	0.25	14.7	>5000
II	0.42	23.7	156
III	0.70	32.0	78
IV	0.86	27.0	156
V	0.02	12.7	1250

Figure 1.  Structure of 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate.