Anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils and their constituents from different provenances of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves

Figures & data

Table 1.  Composition of essential oils from C. osmophloeum leaves.

KI^a	Compound	COA	COB	COC	COD	COE	COF	COG
937	α-Pinene	-	0.5	0.17	-	0.15	0.39	0.24
955	Camphene	-	0.4	0.13	-	0.13	0.31	-
966	Benzaldehyde	0.38	3.41	2.77	-	0.86	-	-
981	(1S)-(-)-β-Pinene	0.08	0.33	0.12	-	0.06	0.14	0.12
991	β-Myrcene	-	-	-	-	-	0.06	0.14
995	Mesitylene	0.08	0.14	-	-	-	-	-
1028	p-Cymene	-	-	-	-	-	0.52	-
1032	Limonene	-	0.25	0.08	-	0.11	0.61	0.33
1088	cis-Linalool oxide	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.18
1099	Linalool	0.22	-	0.07	-	0.13	0.09	96.28
1151	d-(+)-Camphor	-	-	-	-	0.06	56.63	-
1164	3-Phenylpropionaldehyde	5.35	6.72	3.35	-	0.65	-	-
1174	l-Borneol	0.1	0.11	-	-	-	0.35	-
1182	(+)-Terpinen-4-ol	-	-	-	-	-	1.04	-
1196	α-Terpineol	0.18	0.22	0.05	0.74	0.37	1.19	0.2
1198	4-Allylanisole	0.8	1.13	0.73	2.49	1.69	0.24	0.25
1219	cis-Cinnamaldehyde	0.37	0.35	0.53	-	0.08	0.08	-
1252	Chavicol	0.13	0.16	-	-	0.59	0.1	-
1273	trans-Cinnamaldehyde	72.93	62.64	77.21	-	9.09	0.35	0.38
1285	l-Bornyl acetate	3.84	4.83	1.11	21.98	2.88	31.33	-
1352	Eugenol	1.2	1.57	0.29	-	0.29	0.4	-
1370	Cyclosativene	-	-	-	0.67	-	-	-
1376	(-)-α-Copaene	0.25	0.44	0.13	4.34	2.3	0.49	-
1384	β-Bourbonene		0.06	0.08	-	0.05	-	-
1420	β-Caryophyllene	2.74	4.1	0.41	-	0.96	0.14	0.48
1433	Coumarin	-	-	-	3.64	1.36	0.72	0.25
1439	(+)-Aromadendrene	-	-	-	-	0.13	-	-
1445	Cinnamyl acetate	8.82	9.54	11.57	-	40.78	0.59	-
1456	α-Humulene	0.42	0.4	-	-	0.17	-	-
1460	(-)-Aromadendrene	-	-	0.09	5.52	0.78	-	-
1475	γ-Muurolene	-	0.05	-	2.66	0.26	-	-
1494	β-Selinene	-	0.03	-	0.59	-	-	-
1497	α-Muurolene	-	-	-	1.13	0.38	0.06	-
1512	γ-Cadinene	-	-	-	1.82	0.68	0.1	-
1517	δ-Cadinene	0.23	0.27	0.23	-	2.3	0.27	0.12
1520	trans-Calamenene	-	-	-	2.23	0.57	0.05	-
1541	α-Calacorene	-	-	-	0.58	0.28	-	-
1560	(-)-Nerolidol	0.09	0.09	-	-	0.27	0.12	-
1580	Caryophyllene oxide	1.06	1.25	0.18	5.62	6.2	0.8	-
1614	epi-cubenol	-	-	-	-	0.2	-	-
1640	T-Cadinol	-	-	-	10.9	5.49	0.64	-
1654	α-Cadinol	0.06	0.05	0.07	11.15	5.39	0.6	-

^aKovats index relative to n-alkanes (C₉-C₁₉) on a DB-5MS column.

Figure 1.  (A) Principal component analysis of essential oils from C. osmophloeum leaves, scatter plot of PC2 compared with PC1 dependence. (B) Dendrogram of cluster analysis in essential oils from C. osmophloeum leaves.

Table 2.  IC₅₀ values (μg/mL) of essential oils and hot water extracts from C. osmophloeum leaves on nitric oxide production of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Specimens	Essential oil	Hot water extract
COA	11.4	> 100
COB	9.7	>100
COC	13.1	>100
COD	11.6	>100
COE	15.5	>100
COF	65.8	>100
COG	>100	>100

Figure 2.  Effects of (A) essential oils and (B) hot water extracts from C. osmophloeum leaves on nitric oxide production of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Results are mean ± SD (n = 3).

Table 3.  IC₅₀ values (μM) of compounds from C. osmophloeum leaves on nitric oxide production of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Compounds	IC50 values (μM)
Linalool	>200
d-(+)-camphor	>200
3-Phenylpropionaldehyde	>200
Trans-cinnamaldehyde	118.6 (15.7) *
l-Bornyl acetate	>200
Cinnamyl acetate	>200
(-)-Aromadendrene	80.5 (16.5)
Caryophyllene oxide	195.9 (43.2)
T-Cadinol	93.6 (20.8)
α-Cadinol	63.2 (14.0)

*Values in brackets are μg/mL.

Figure 3.  Effects of compounds from C. osmophloeum leaves and curcumin on nitric oxide production of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. (A) represents the concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide production; and (B) indicates the cytotoxicity of pure compound on RAW 264.7 cells in the presence of LPS, measured by the MTT assay. Results are mean ± SD (n = 3).