Alliin obtained from leaf extract of garlic grown under in situ conditions possess higher therapeutic potency as analyzed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1.  HPTLC fingerprint (allilin) obtained from leaf extract of ex situ and in situ raised plants. Track assignment: 1–2: Reference substance (allilin) with RF sample; 3: in situ leaves extract; 4: ex situ leaves extract.

Figure 2.  Allilin content of leaves from plants raised under ex situ and in situ conditions. Each value represents Mean ± SEM. ***P<0.001 denotes level of significance. P-values are highly significant at P<0.01.

Table 1.  Body and liver weight of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats under different treatments.

Group	Body weight (g)	Liver weight (g)
I	350 ± 35.35^c	9.59 ± 1.35^c
II	365 ± 18.708^c	10.17 ± 0.812^c
III	370 ± 25.17^c	10.00 ± 0.53^c
IV	220 ± 35.35^a	7.63 ± 0.516^a
V	250 ± 28.28^a,b	8.09 ± 0.498^b
VI	270 ± 20.24^b	8.40 ± 0.384^a,b
VII	240 ± 9.69^a,b	7.92 ± 0.77a
PANOVA	0.0027^*	0.1408^NS

Each value represents mean ± SEM of three independent experiments with three replicates each. Different letters in columns are significantly different at P = 0.05 level. *P-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Table 2.  Serum glucose and lipid profile of normal and diabetic rats measured under different experimental conditions.

Group	Serum glucose (mg/dL)	Serum lipid profile (mg/dL)
		Total cholesterol	Total lipids	Triglycerides	HDL-cholesterol	LDL-cholesterol	VLDL-cholesterol
I	96.68 ± 8.85^e	86.45 ± 5.16^d	139.65 ± 8.42^d	110.30 ± 3.40^c	28.11 ± 2.67^b	47.26 ± 3.77^b,c	21.91 ± 2.75^c
II	93.12 ± 4.72^e	86.19 ± 4.4^d	139.25 ± 5.80^d	107.61 ± 4.08^c	28.15 ± 3.34^b	43.12 ± 4.44^c	21.79 ± 2.92^c
III	90.32 ± 5.39^e	84.93 ± 3.07^d	139.09 ± 5.67^d	107.76 ± 4.61^c	28.66 ± 2.73^b	41.37 ± 5.76^d	20.08 ± 1.75^c
IV	392.59 ± 22.36^a	119.40 ± 3.49^a	185.92 ± 10.85^a	141.47 ± 5.88^a	23.02 ± 2.49^a	58.64 ± 4.68^a	27.81 ± 1.39^a
V	254.63 ± 8.69^c	104.47 ± 4.28^b	166.31 ± 3.63^b,c	121.40 ± 4.24^b	25.77 ± 3.10^a	48.35 ± 3.99^b,c	24.31 ± 1.69^a,b
VI	200.62 ± 8.89^d	95.47 ± 6.28^c	158.24 ± 4.85^c	120.56 ± 4.17^b	26.45 ± 4.01^a,b	44.29 ± 3.66^c	23.31 ± 1.44^b
VII	285.32 ± 8.85^b	111.63 ± 8.63^a,b	169.56 ± 3.19^b	126.27 ± 5.13^b	24.31 ± 3.93^a	52.40 ± 2.60^b	25.25 ± 1.88^a,b
PANOVA	0.0001***	0.0002***	0.0008***	0.0001***	0.8262^NS	0.1334^NS	0.2289^NS

Each value represents mean ± SEM of three independent experiments with three replicates each. Different letters in columns are significantly different at P = 0.05 level. ***P-values under 0.001 were considered highly significant. NS, not significant.

Table 3.  Serum enzyme levels of normal and diabetic rats measured under different conditions.

Groups	Serum enzymes (IU/L)
	ALP	AST	ALT
I	104.98 ± 4.44^c	75.94 ± 2.85^d	51.76 ± 5.83^d
II	102.91 ± 6.11^c	77.12 ± 5.54^d	50.78 ± 5.12^d
in	101.31 ± 4.24^c	73.63 ± 5.71^d	48.90 ± 6.06^d
IV	137.58 ± 9.47^a	136.11 ± 5.6^a	111.43 ± 7.30^a
V	125.64 ± 4.25^a,b	117.68 ± 5.42^b	92.18 ± 7.07^c
VI	121.23 ± 4.37^b	100.40 ± 6.81^c	83.73 ± 5.68^c
VII	130.94 ± 4.14^a,b	123.98 ± 4.69^a,b	102.21 ± 6.55^b
PANOVA	0.0002***	0.0001***	0.0001***

Each value represents mean ± SEM of three independent experiments with three replicates each. Different letters in columns are significantly different at P = 0.05 level. ***P-values under 0.001 were considered highly significant.

Figure 3.  Light micrographs of rat pancreas under different conditions. A Control rats showing normal pancreatic cells. B Alloxan induced diabetic rats showing change in morphology of pancreatic cells. C Diabetic rats treated with leaf extract from ex situ raised plants showing recovery of injured pancreatic cells D Diabetic rats treated with leaf extract from in situ raised plants showing recovery of injured pancreatic cells.