Specific and nonspecific immunostimulation study of Euphorbia hirta on Pseudomonas fluorescens-infected Cyprinus carpio

Figures & data

Table 1.  Basal feed ingredients and their protein content.

Feed ingredients	Weight	Protein content (%)
Groundnut oil cake	20 g	09.32
Fish meal	15 g	08.47
Rice bran	130 g	16.38
Tapioca	15 g	04.75
Soya bean meal	20 g	02.00
Vitamin mix (Beplex)	1 tablet	—
Cod liver oil	300 mg	—
Total		40.92

Table 2.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta on antigen–antibody titration (log₂ titer value) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Concentrations of leaf extract (g/kg feed)	Postchallenge of pathogen (days)
	5	10	15	20	t-value
0	3.33 ± 0.58	3.67 ± 0.58	2.67 ± 0.58	2.00 ± 0.00	—
5	4.67 ± 0.58	4.33 ± 0.58	4.00 ± 0.00	3.33 ± 0.58	2.50^*
10	6.33 ± 0.58	5.33 ± 0.58	5.00 ± 0.00	4.00 ± 0.00	3.71^*
20	8.67 ± 0.58	7.33 ± 0.58	6.33 ± 0.58	6.00 ± 0.08	5.92^**
25	10.00 ± 0.00	8.67 ± 0.58	7.67 ± 0.58	6.67 ± 0.58	6.65^**
50	10.67 ± 0.58	9.67 ± 0.58	9.33 ± 0.58	8.33 ± 0.58	10.85^**
t-value	—	0.50 ^NS	0.92^NS	1.44^NS	—

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, NS—not significant.

Note: Each value is a mean of six individual observations with a standard deviation.

Table 3.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta on phagocytic ratio (%) in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Concentrations of leaf extract (g/kg feed)	Prechallenge of pathogen	Postchallenge of pathogen (days)
		5	10	15	20	t-value
0	33.33 ± 1.53	45.00 ± 0.82	51.00 ± 3.01	36.33 ± 1.53	26.67 ± 1.25	—
5	46.67 ± 1.70	47.67 ± 0.47	51.67 ± 1.53	53.33 ± 1.25	50.00 ± 0.82	2.55^*
10	51.67 ± 1.25	52.67 ± 4.42	56.33 ± 1.25	61.67 ± 4.65	53.00 ± 2.16	3.55^**
20	55.00 ± 0.82	59.00 ± 0.82	65.00 ± 2.05	66.67 ± 1.70	60.67 ± 0.94	4.76^**
25	57.00 ± 3.58	60.33 ± 1.25	65.33 ± 0.82	69.67 ± 0.47	64.00 ± 0.82	5.15^**
50	63.00 ± 0.82	69.00 ± 0.81	70.00 ± 5.04	69.67 ± 0.90	66.00 ± 1.41	6.45^**
t-value	—	0.81^NS	1.65^NS	1.25^NS	0.31^NS	—

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, NS—not significant.

Note: Each value is a mean of six individual observations with a standard deviation.

Table 4.  Effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta on number of glass adherent NBT-positive cells in Cyprinus carpio infected with the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Concentrations of leaf extract (g/kg feed)	Prechallenge of pathogen	Postchallenge of pathogen (days)
		5	10	15	20	t-value
0	11.00 ± 1.00	12.00 ± 2.00	17.00 ± 0.82	13.00 ± 1.53	12.00 ± 2.65	—
5	12.00 ± 2.00	20.00 ± 2.65	24.00 ± 1.00	19.67 ± 0.58	17.67 ± 3.06	2.55^*
10	14.33 ± 1.53	22.00 ± 4.00	30.00 ± 1.00	26.00 ± 2.00	23.33 ± 1.53	3.63^**
20	16.00 ± 1.00	26.00 ± 4.36	32.00 ± 2.00	29.00 ± 4.58	26.33 ± 3.51	4.45^**
25	20.00 ± 1.68	29.67 ± 1.53	35.00 ± 2.00	38.00 ± 1.00	32.00 ± 2.65	5.52^**
50	22.00 ± 3.61	33.67 ± 1.25	39.67 ± 0.58	43.67 ± 1.16	41.67 ± 1.53	5.72^**
t-value	—	2.22^NS	3.66^**	2.48^*	2.07^NS	—

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, NS—not significant.

Note: Each value is a mean of six individual observations with a standard deviation.