Antihyperlipidemic activity of Ichnocarpus frutescens in triton WR-1339-induced and high-fat diet animals

Figures & data

Chart 1.  Schematic representation of bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens.

Figure 1.  Effect of Ichnocarpus frutescens methanol extract and fenofibrate on plasma lipid levels in triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. Values are mean ± SEM of six rats *p ≤ 0.01, **p ≤ 0.001. Normal control (Group 1), hyperlipidemic control (Group 2), hyperlipidemic + fenofibrate 65 mg/kg treated (Group 3), hyperlipidemic + methanol extract 100 mg/kg treated (Group 4), hyperlipidemic + methanol extract 200 mg/kg treated (Group 5), and hyperlipidemic + methanol extract 400 mg/kg treated (Group 6).

Table 1.  Effect of the methanol extract of I. frutescens on plasma lipid levels of high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Parameters	Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)	LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
Normal control	94.03 ± 5.92	102.07 ± 1.36	48.07 ± 7.06	39.96 ± 0.74
HFD control	181.31 ± 4.05	432.58 ± 46.28	161.95 ± 5.11	18.96 ± 1.00
Fenofibrate (65 mg/kg bw)	116.02 ± 2.58**	226.66 ± 35.64*	81.12 ± 3.22**	32.88 ± 0.93**
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg bw)	142.80 ± 0.27**	280.84 ± 7.74*	116.14 ± 3.36**	26.27 ± 0.56**
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg bw)	130.88 ± 1.02**	272.37 ± 2.02*	101.49 ± 0.54**	28.18 ± 0.66**

All values represent mean ± SEM for six animals.

*(p ≤ 0.05) Values deviate significantly from the HFD control values.

**(P ≤ 0.005) Values deviate very significantly from the HFD control values.

HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HFD, high-fat diet; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 2.  Effect of hot water soluble and hot water insoluble parts of methanol extract and fenofibrate on plasma lipid levels in triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Values are mean ± SEM of six rats **p ≤ 0.001. Normal control (Group 1), hyperlipidemic control (Group 2), hyperlipidemic + fenofibrate 200 mg/kg treated (Group 3), hyperlipidemic + hot water soluble part 200 mg/kg treated (Group 4), hyperlipidemic + hot water insoluble part 200 mg/kg treated (Group 5).

Figure 3.  Effect of fractions of Ichnocarpus frutescens and fenofibrate on plasma lipid levels in triton induced hyperlipidemic rats. Values are mean ± SEM of six rats *p ≤ 0.01, **p ≤ 0.001. Normal control (Group 1), hyperlipidemic control (Group 2), hyperlipidemic + fenofibrate 200 mg/kg treated (Group 3), hyperlipidemic + hexane fraction 200 mg/kg treated (Group 4), hyperlipidemic + benzene fraction 200 mg/kg treated (Group 5), and hyperlipidemic + ethyl acetate fraction 200 mg/kg treated (Group 6), hyperlipidemic + acetone fraction 200 mg/kg treated (Group 7), hyperlipidemic + methanol fraction 200 mg/kg treated (Group 8).

Table 2.  Effect of the methanol extract of I. frutescens on the activities of biochemical parameters in high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Groups	Liver cholesterol (mg/g wet weight)	Liver triglyceride (mg/g wet weight)	Weight of reteroperitoneal fat pad (as % of the body weight)	Plasma lipoperoxides levels (mM/L)
Normal control	182.33 ± 2.82	24.96 ± 0.93	2.63 ± 0.14	20.77 ± 3.82
HFD control	631.92 ± 42.52	42.88 ± 0.83	4.81 ± 0.54	65.21 ± 5.88
Fenofibrate (65 mg/kg bw)	203.29 ± 8.12**	31.68 ± 0.46**	3.10 ± 0.17*	43.47 ± 2.85*
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg bw)	488.92 ± 16.84*	34.67 ± 1.28*	3.26 ± 0.18*	37.17 ± 5.27*
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg bw)	482.25 ± 15.83*	32.03 ± 0.93**	3.21 ± 0.00*	31.70 ± 5.59*

All values represent mean ± SEM for six animals.

*(P ≤ 0.05) Values deviate significantly from the HFD control values.**(p ≤ 0.005) Values deviate very significantly from the HFD control values.

Table 3.  Effect of I. frutescens fractions on plasma lipid levels in triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice.

Groups	Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Triglyceride (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	HDL-C/TC	HDL-C/LDL-C
Normal	77.65 ± 1.81	91.57 ± 1.71	76.61 ± 2.27	0.58 ± 0.02	0.63 ± 0.02
Triton control (400 mg/kg bw)	497.88 ± 11.79	853.62 ± 16.69	293.79 ± 10.31	0.39 ± 0.01	0.56 ± 0.01
Fenofibrate (200 mg/kg bw)	245.66 ± 4.56*	304.71 ± 6.79*	92.30 ± 1.74*	0.55 ± 0.01*	0.60 ± 0.01**
Fraction 1 (100 mg/kg bw)	475.79 ± 7.97	831.03 ± 11.43	271.41 ± 15.52	0.41 ± 0.01	0.56 ± 0.01
Fraction 1 (200 mg/kg bw)	485.45 ± 6.53	841.34 ± 16.02	281.71 ± 23.13	0.40 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.02
Fraction 2 (100 mg/kg bw)	478.87 ± 10.83	850.50 ± 11.34	274.40 ± 7.48	0.42 ± 0.02	0.54 ± 0.02
Fraction 2 (200 mg/kg bw)	483.12 ± 10.74	816.08 ± 7.25	266.67 ± 11.03	0.43 ± 0.01	0.56 ± 0.01
Fraction 3 (100 mg/kg bw)	393.01 ± 10.83*	485.25 ± 14.27*	205.41 ± 7.76*	0.48 ± 0.02**	0.57 ± 0.01
Fraction 3 (200 mg/kg bw)	376.54 ± 5.10*	391.15 ± 7.78*	190.12 ± 9.39*	0.50 ± 0.01*	0.58 ± 0.02

All values represent mean ± SEM for six animals.

*(p ≤ 0.005) Values deviate very significantly from the triton control values.

**(p ≤ 0.05) Values deviate significantly from the triton control values.

HDL-C/TC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4.  Effect of fraction 3 of Ichnocarpus frutescens and orlistat on fat excretion in feces of mice fed with high-fat diet.

Groups	Feces weight (g)	Tg level in feces (µmol/g feces)
Laboratory chow diet	0.95 ± 0.06*	4.85 ± 0.69*
High-fat diet (HFD)	0.16 ± 0.05	33.25 ± 5.10
HFD + 0.025% orlistat	0.30 ± 0.01*	345.33 ± 36.24*
HFD + 1% fraction 3	0.24 ± 0.04	38.40 ± 5.25
HFD + 3% fraction 3	0.27 ± 0.03*	45.08 ± 3.25*

All values represent mean ± SEM for six animals.

* p ≤ 0.05) Values deviate significantly from the HFD control values.

Figure 4.  Effect of fraction 3 and orlistat on rat plasma Tg levels after oral administration of lipid emulsion. Values are mean ± SEM of six rats. *p ≤ 0.05 values deviate significantly from the high-fat diet control.