In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity of Aristolochia tagala (syn: Aristolochia acuminata) root extracts

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of drug vehicle, indomethacin, ATPE 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, ATEAE 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, and ATEE 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats of groups A–K, respectively.

Treatment groups	Percentage inhibition of the maximal paw edema during 6 h	Percentage inhibition of total AUC paw edema during 6 h
A	0.0 ± 4.19	0.0 ± 1.10
B	68.52 ± 1.86***	84.05 ± 1.35***
C	31.23 ± 2.42*	40.54 ± 1.65*
D	34.13 ± 1.31*	49.22 ± 1.40*
E	48.23 ± 7.17**	65.46 ± 0.53***
F	50.32 ± 3.2***	68.54 ± 1.55***
G	55.27 ± 1.58***	78.10 ± 2.38***
H	64.16 ± 2.92***	80.01 ± 1.22***
I	42.76 ± 1.34**	50.23 ± 2.45**
J	47.90 ± 3.92**	62.96 ± 0.75***
K	59.78 ± 1.06***	74.41 ± 0.41***

Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control; Student’s t-test.

Figure 1.  Effect of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of A. tagala at doses of 400 mg/kg along with indomethacin (50 mg/kg body wt) on the total paw edema in carrageenan-induced rats. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4; p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs. control; Student’s t-test.

Table 2.  Effect of Aristolochia tagala ethyl acetate (EA) extract, kaempferol, and indomethacin on PGE₂ and LTB₄ biosynthesis by RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by LPS IFNγ and A23187.

	Concentration	PGE2 (ng mL^−1)	Inhibition (%)	LTB4 (ng mL^−1)	Inhibition (%)
LPS + IFN	100 ng mL^−1+ 10 U mL^−1	208.0 ± 12.5	0	—	—
A23187	10^−6 M	—	—	47.8 ± 8.8	0
A. tagala EA extract	10 mg mL^−1	195.0 ± 13.2	6.2	33.8 ± 8.4	29.2
	25 mg mL^−1	148.5 ± 9.8*	28.6	27.2 ± 5.7*	43.1
	50 mg mL^−1	70.6 ± 2.6*	66.0	9.0 ± 3.4*	81.1
	100 mg mL^−1	25.5 ± 3.2*	87.7	4.1 ± 2.9*	91.4
Kaempferol	5 mg mL^−1	45.2 ± 2.1*	78.27	8.1 ± 3.2*	83.06
	10 mg mL^−1	20.3 ± 1.9*	90.25	3.5 ± 1.5*	92.68
Indomethacin	100 μM	14.1 ± 3.2*	93.2	—	—
NDGC	25 μM	—	—	2.9 ± 0.4	94.0

RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated for 1 h at 37°C with A. tagala EA extract, indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Then, they were stimulated for a further 4 h by calcium ionophore A23187 (10⁻⁶ M) for LTB₄ release or 24 h by LPS (100 ng mL⁻¹) IFNγ (10 U mL⁻¹) for PGE₂ release, according to the procedure described in Materials and Methods section. LTB₄ and PGE₂ were determined by means of radioimmunoassay. Values represent mean ± SEM (n =  4).

*p < 0.01 compared with control groups.

Figure 2.  ¹H-NMR spectrum of kaempferol.

Figure 3.  ¹³C-NMR spectrum of kaempferol.