Curative treatment with extracts of Bombax ceiba fruit reduces risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of Bombax ceiba fruit extracts on urinary and serum parameters in control and experimental animals.

Parameter (unit)	Group I Control	Group II Calculi induced	Group III Cystone treated	Group IV AqE of B. ceiba treated	Group V EtE of B. ceiba treated
Urine (mg/dL)
Calcium	3.02 ± 0.54	5.50 ± 0.82^‡a	3.46 ± 0.59^†b	3.16 ± 0.57^‡b	3.02 ± 0.47^‡b
Phosphate	139.84 ± 45.21	346.00 ± 51.83^‡a	196.67 ± 56.75	226.84 ± 39.72	168.50 ± 47.71^†b
Oxalate	1.45 ± 0.2	4.65 ± 1.06^‡a	1.77 ± 0.31^†b	2.62 ± 0.73	2.01 ± 0.64^†b
Kidney (mg/g)
Calcium	5.99 ± 1.43	12.02 ± 2.86^†a	6.21 ± 1.10^†b	11.00 ± 4.73	9.18 ± 1.15
Phosphate	1.23 ± 0.21	4.12 ± 1.33^‡a	1.61 ± 0.32^†b	1.77 ± 0.22^†b	2.16 ± 0.60
Oxalate	3.01 ± 0.55	8.35 ± 0.81^‡a	3.47 ± 0.55^‡b	5.02 ± 0.75	4.48 ± 0.92^‡b
Serum (mg/dL)
BUN	21.84 ± 0.95	34.17 ± 4.16^‡a	25.34 ± 0.77	28.67 ± 4.04	24.00 ± 2.63^†b
Creatinine	0.61 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.04^‡a	0.60 ± 0.03^‡b	0.65 ± 0.03^†b	0.60 ± 0.04^‡b
Uric acid	1.70 ± 0.25	5.07 ± 0.33^‡a	1.99 ± 0.52^‡b	1.72 ± 0.25^‡b	2.97 ± 0.21^‡b

Values for urine parameters were assessed in 24 h urine sample; All values are expressed as mean ± SEM of measurement on 6 animals in each test group; ^†p < 0.05, ^‡p < 0.01; One way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test; ^aComparisons made with Control group; ^bComparisons made with Calculi-induced group.

Table 2.  Effect of Bombax ceiba fruit extracts on miscellaneous urinary parameters in control and experimental animals.

Parameter (unit)	Group I Control	Group II Calculi induced	Group III Cystone treated	Group IV AqE of B. ceiba treated	Group V EtE of B. ceiba treated
pH	6.92 ± 0.15	7.58 ± 0.15	7.08 ± 0.20	7.17 ± 0.25	7.00 ± 0.26
Sp. Gravity	1.02 ± 0.00	1.03 ± 0.00	1.02 ± 0.00	1.02 ± 0.00	1.02 ± 0.00
Glucose (mg/dL)	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Protein (mg/dL)	1.67 ± 1.67	23.33 ± 4.22	6.67 ± 2.11	13.33 ± 5.58	8.33 ± 1.67
Nitrite (mg/dL)	0.33 ± 0.17	0.67 ± 0.17	0.42 ± 0.15	0.42 ± 0.15	0.42 ± 0.20
Ketone (mg/dL)	0.83 ± 0.83	5.00 ± 1.29	3.33 ± 1.05	5.00 ± 1.83	0.83 ± 0.83
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	Absent	0.33 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.11	0.25 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.11
Urobilinogen (mg/dL)	0.10 ± 0.00	1.20 ± 0.59	0.10 ± 0.00	0.10 ± 0.00	0.10 ± 0.00
Leucocyte (WBC/µL)^†	Absent	+	+	+	+
Blood (RBC/µL)^‡	Absent	+++	+	+	++

^†Leucocyte (WBC/µL) + 25, ++ 75, +++ 500; ^‡Blood (RBC/µL) + 10, ++ 50, +++ 250; ‘Absent’ − Qualitative test indicated no colour change.

Figure 1.  Microscopic examination (×50) of urine excreted by (a) the control rats, (b) rats receiving EG 0.75% only, (c) rats receiving EG 0.75% and treated with cystone, (d) rats receiving EG 0.75% and AqE of B. ceiba fruit, and (e) rats receiving EG 0.75% and EtE of B. ceiba fruit.

Figure 2.  Microscopic examination (H&E, ×50) of kidney section of (a) the control rats, (b) rats receiving EG 0.75% only, (c) rats receiving EG 0.75% and treated with cystone, (d) rats receiving EG 0.75% and AqE of B. ceiba fruit, and (e) rats receiving EG 0.75% and EtE of B. ceiba fruit.

Table 3.  Effect of Bombax ceiba fruit extracts on renal histology in control and experimental animals.

Observation	Group I Control	Group II Calculi induced	Group III Cystone treated	Group IV AqE of B. ceiba treated	Group V EtE of B. ceiba treated
Tubular congestion	+	+++	++	++	+
Loss of brush border	ND	+++	++	+	++
Tubular desquamation	ND	++	++	+	++
Tubular cast	ND	++	+	ND	ND
Tubular degeneration	ND	+++	+	ND	ND
Glomerular congestion	+	++	++	++	++
Widening of Bowmen’s capsule	ND	++	ND	+	++
Interstitial oedema	ND	++	+	ND	ND
Interstitial hemorrhage	ND	+	ND	ND	ND
Interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration	ND	++	+	+	+
Overall damage	Normal	Severe damage	Moderatedamage	Moderatedamage	Moderatedamage

Grades are based on average observations of renal damage visualized in minimum 10 different fields per slide; + Mild = <4, ++ Moderate = 5 to 7, +++ Severe damage = >8 observations; ‘ND’ Not detected.