Comparative study of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of two varieties of Punica granatum

Figures & data

Table 1.  Lists of chemical compound found in MoEA and MoES by the phytochemical analysis.

Metabolite	MoEA	MoES
Anthocyanes	+	+
Flavonoids	+	+
Tannins	+	+
Terpenes and sterols	-	-
Saponosides	+	+
Quinones	-	-
Alcaloides	+	-

Presence: + Absence: -

Table 2.  The antinociceptive effect (i.p.) of P.granatum extracts and acetylsalicylic acid on acid acetic-induced visceral pain in mice.

Treatment	Number of writhes	IPI (%)
Control	68.1 ± 5	0
ASA (100 mg/kg)	21.5 ± 2^c	68
MoEA (50 mg/kg)	45.3 ± 2^c**	33
MoEA (100 mg/kg)	37.1 ± 2^c**	44
MoEA (150 mg/kg)	32.1 ± 1^c**	52
MoES (50 mg/kg)	60.6 ± 3^a	12
MoES (100 mg/kg)	54.5 ± 2^b	20
MoES (150 mg/kg)	48.1 ± 2^b	29

Values are represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Differences between groups were statistically analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001 vs. control (saline). **p < 0.01 vs. the group receiving the same dose of MoES.

ASA: acid acetylsalicylic (standard drug); MoEA: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety A; MoES: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety S; IPI: index of pain inhibition.

Table 3.  The antinociceptive effect of P.granatum extracts, morphine, acetylsalicylic acid and reversal effect of naloxone on formalin-induced pain in mice.

Group (i.p.)	Dose (mg/kg)	Total time spent in licking (s)
		1st phase	IPI (%)	2nd phase	IPI (%)
Control	–	67.44 ± 2.70	0.00	106.30 ± 4.33	0.00
MoEA	25	42.48 ± 3.22^a***	37.69	52.08 ± 3.68^b**	51.82
MoEA	50	26.30 ± 3.30^c***	61.00	27.63 ± 2.55^c**	74.00
MoEA	100	16.86 ± 2.20^c***	75.00	19.13 ± 1.58^c**	82.00
MoEA + nal	100 + 1	64.06 ± 3.78^##	5.00	54.21 ± 3.23^a, #	49.60
MoES	25	64.74 ± 2.52	4.00	85.04 ± 4.60	20.50
MoES	50	63.93 ± 1.45	5.20	59.52 ± 2.64^b	44.00
MoES	100	61.43 ± 3.50	8.90	39.33 ± 1.24^b	63.00
MoES + nal	100 + 1	62.04 ± 2.80	8.00	40.39 ± 3.74	62.00
Morphine	5	12.13 ± 1.78^c	80.20	10.63 ± 2.66^c	90.30
Morphine + nal	5 + 1	65.40 ± 2.45^##	3.02	98.20 ± 2.84^##	7.61
ASA	100	55.00 ± 3.42^a	18.00	42.52 ± 3.65^c	60.50

Values are represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Differences between groups were statistically analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001 vs. control (saline). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the group receiving the same dose of MoES. ^#p < 0.01, ^##p < 0.001 vs. the group receiving the appropriated drug at the same dose without naloxone. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid (standard drug); MoEA: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety A; MoES: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety S; nal: naloxone; IPI: index of pain inhibition.

Figure 1.  Effect of P.granatum extracts (10, 25 and 50 µg/3 µl/rat, i.c.v.), morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and reversal effect of naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) on tail-immersion test, as revealed by change of the estimated areas under the curves (AUC). Values are represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Differences between groups were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001 vs. control (saline). ***p < 0.001 vs. the group receiving the same dose of MoES. ^#p < 0.001 vs. the group receiving the appropriated drug at the same dose without naloxone. MoEA: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety A; MoES: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety S; nal: naloxone; MOR 5: morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.).

Figure 2.  Effect of P.granatum extracts (10, 25 and 50 µg/3 µl/rat, i.c.v.), morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) on pain threshold in hotplate test in rats, as revealed by change of the estimated areas under the curves (AUC). Values are represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Differences between groups were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple range test. ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001 vs. control (saline). MoEA: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety A; MoES: fruit peel methanol extract of the variety S; MOR 5: morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.).

Figure 3.  Upper panel: The effect of P.granatum extracts (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg, i.p.) on induced edema in rats, as revealed by change of the estimated areas under the curves (AUC). Values are represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Differences between groups were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed Tukey’s multiple range test. ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001 vs. control (saline). ***p < 0.001 vs. the group receiving the same dose of MoES. Lower panel: the index of edema inhibition (IEI%) at different time intervals.