Seagrass as a potential source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

Figures & data

Table 1.  Antibacterial screening of crude extract and minimum inhibitory concentration of seagrass H. ovalis against pathogens (inhibition zone was measured to nearest millimeter).

Pathogens	Inhibition zone in mm (mean ± SD)		Ampicillin (50 µg/mL)
	Crude extract (200 µg/mL)	MIC (µg/mL)
V. parahaemolyticus	10.16 ± 0.28	75	12.00 ± 0.57
V. anguillarum	10.16 ± 0.40	75	10.00 ± 0.00
V. fischeri	10.00 ± 0.00	75	13.00 ± 0.50
V. vulnificus	10.36 ± 0.75	100	12.16 ± 0.28
E. coli	08.53 ± 0.51	75	12.00 ± 0.50
B. cereus	17.16 ± 0.28	50	10.16 ± 0.28
A. baumannii	13.83 ± 1.04	75	10.16 ± 0.28

Values are means of growth inhibition of three replicates.

Figure 1.  Reducing power of H. ovalis methanol extract. Results are representative of three separated experiments.

Figure 2.  Total antioxidant activity of H. ovalis methanol extract. Results are representative of three separated experiments.

Figure 3.  The DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) of methanol extract obtained from seagrass H. ovalis at different concentrations. Results were representative of three separated experiments.

Figure 4.  Superoxide radical scavenging activity (%) of methanol extract obtained from seagrass H. ovalis at different concentrations. Results were representative of three separated experiments.

Figure 5.  Inhibitory effect of crude extract from H. ovalis on mitogen-induced proliferation. Mitogen PHA (1 µg/mL)-induced PBMC (2 × 10⁵/well) was treated with different concentrations of crude extracts and the percentage inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was determined over control. Results were representative of three separated experiments.

Table 2.  Antibacterial screening of purified fractions of seagrass H. ovalis against pathogens (inhibition zone was measured to nearest millimeter).

Pathogens	Inhibition zone in mm (mean ± SD)						Ampicillin (50 µg/mL)
	Fr1	Fr2	Fr3	Fr4	Fr5	Fr6
V. parahaemolyticus	10.00 ± 0.57	10.00 ± 0.57	09.00 ± 0.15	10.00 ± 0.57	12.00 ± 0.57	12.00 ± 0.57	12.00 ± 0.57
V. anguillarum	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	08.00 ± 0.57	11.00 ± 1.52	00.00 ± 0.00
V. fischeri	10.00 ± 0.57	09.00 ± 0.57	08.00 ± 0.57	10.00 ± 1.00	11.00 ± 0.66	10.00 ± 0.57	13.00 ± 0.50
V. vulnificus	08.00 ± 0.57	00.00 ± 0.00	06.00 ± 0.57	09.00 ± 0.57	08.00 ± 0.57	08.00 ± 0.57	12.16 ± 0.28
E. coli	00.00 ± 0.00	05.00 ± 0.40	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	05.00 ± 0.40	06.00 ± 0.57	12.00 ± 0.50
B. cereus	00.00 ± 0.00	07.00 ± 0.57	05.00 ± 0.57	08.00 ± 0.00	08.00 ± 0.57	06.00 ± 0.57	10.16 ± 0.28
A. baumannii	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	00.00 ± 0.00	12.00 ± 0.58	10.00 ± 0.57	10.16 ± 0.28

Values are means of growth inhibition of three replicates. Fr, fraction.

Table 3.  The GC – MS analysis of fraction V of H. ovalis.

Rt (min)	Compound	Area (%)
18.24	Hexadecanoic acid	21.63
21.33	9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid	10.32
21.49	9-Octadecenoic acid	27.01
21.58	10, 13-Octadecadienoic acid	07.56
21.92	Octadecanoic acid	10.42

Rt, retention time.

Table 4.  The GC–MS analysis of fraction VI of H. ovalis.

Rt (min)	Compound	Area (%)
10.83	Phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)	03.81
11.01	Benzoic acid	11.11
11.99	Hexadecane	03.47
15.69	Tetradecanoic acid	06.12

Rt, retention time.

Table 5.  Biochemical composition of seagrass H. ovalis (n = 3; means ± SD).

Parameters	H. ovalis
Alkaloids (mg/g)	1.06 ± 0.03
Carbohydrates (mg/g)	4.82 ± 0.04
Flavanoids (mg/g)	5.59 ± 0.01
Phenols (mg/g)	9.44 ± 0.02
Proteins (mg/g)	5.19 ± 0.02
Saponins (mg/g)	9.07 ± 0.06
Tannins (mg/g)	0.26 ± 0.02