Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies on S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils

Figures & data

Table 1.  Volatile constituents of the essential oils from the leaves and fruits of Solanum erianthum and Solanum macranthum

RI ^a	Compound ^b, c	Percentage composition
		S. mac leaves	S. mac fruits	S. eri leaves	S. eri fruits
854	(E)-2-Hexenal	0.4	0.1	–	Tr
943	α-Pinene	–	–	3.5	0.2
954	Camphene	–	–	0.1	Tr
966	Benzaldehyde	–	–	–	0.1
979	β-Pinene	–	0.1	11.7	0.3
996	Δ-2-Carene	1.5	–	–	–
1003	α-Phellandrene	0.2	–	17.5	–
1009	Δ -3-Carene	–	–	–	Tr
1023	p-cymene	2.1	1.2	15.7	1.3
1031	1,8-Cineole	1.5	0.3	4.1	0.3
1057	(E)-β- Ocimene	–	–	0.3	–
1067	γ-Terpinene	–	–	1.4	–
1092	α- Terpinolene	–	–	17.8	–
1102	Linalool	–	–	2.4	0.1
1118	1,3,8-p-Menthatriene	–	–	0.2	–
1130	α- Campholene aldehyde	–	–	Tr	–
1142	(E)-Verbenol	–	–	0.6	–
1164	Pinocarvone	–	–	0.1	–
1182	Terpinene-4-ol	–	–	0.9	–
1186	p-Methylacetophenone	–	–	1.5	–
1191	p-Cymene-8-ol	–	–	4.4	–
1195	Methyl salicylate	–	8.1	1.5	11.8
1204	Myrtenol	–	–	0.3	–
1207	α-Phellandrene Epoxide	–	–	2.0	–
1257	Piperitone	–	–	1.3	–
1268	Ethyl salicylate	–	–	–	0.4
1301	Carvacrol	–	–	1.0	–
1320	(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal	–	0.7	–	0.6
1350	α-Cubebene	–	–	–	0.3
1379	α-Copaene	–	2.2	–	2.9
1380	E-β-Damascenone	0.3	–	–	–
1386	β-Bourbonene	–	0.4	–	0.4
1395	β-Elemene	–	1.5	–	1.1
1400	Tetradecane	0.6	–	–	–
1409	γ-Caryophyllene	–	0.2	–	0.4
1419	β- Caryophyllene	0.5	17.8	0.3	10.9
1421	α-(E)-Ionone	0.2	–	–	–
1432	β-Gurjunene	–	–	–	0.1
1453	α-Humulene	–	36.0	0.1	23.1
1457	Precocene 1	1.3	–	–	–
1459	(E)-β-Farnesene	–	–	1.9	–
1480	γ-Muurolene	–	–	–	0.2
1482	Germacrene D	–	3.5	–	0.2
1485	ar-Curcumene	–	–	0.5	–
1488	β-lonone	2.5	0.3	–	0.2
1494	Valencene	–	–	–	0.2
1496	α-Selinene	–	0.4	–	–
1498	α-Zingiberene	–	–	0.5	–
1499	α-Muurolene	–	–	–	0.2
1501	Pentadecane	7.7	0.6	–	–
1506	Germacrene A	–	0.5	–	0.1
1508	(E,E)-α-Faenesene	–	–	0.4	–
1511	β-Bisabolene	–	–	–	Tr
1512	Tridecanal ^d	0.6	–	–	–
1515	γ-Cadinene	–	0.4	–	0.3
1526	δ-Cadiene	–	1.7	–	0.7
1527	β-Sesquiphellandrene	–	–	0.4	–
1533	(E)-γ-Bisabolene	–	–	Tr	–
1536	(Z)-Nerolidol	–	–	0.1	–
1566	(E)-Nerolidol	0.5	0.3	0.4	–
1581	ar- Turmerol	–	–	0.3	–
1582	Caryophyllene oxide	–	5.0	–	16.5
1590	Dihydro-ar-turmerone	–	–	0.2	–
1599	Hexadecane	0.2	–	–	–
1608	Humulene epoxide II	–	5.5	–	20.0
1611	Tetradecanal	1.2	–	–	–
1641	τ-Cadinol	–	0.5	–	–
1643	Caryophylla-4 (12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol	–	–	–	0.3
1647	Cubenol	–	–	–	0.6
1651	Torreyol	–	–	–	0.4
1661	α-cadinol	–	0.9	–	1.5
1669	β-Turmerone	–	–	4.7	–
1677	Cadalene	–	–	–	0.7
1705	α-Turmerone	–	–	1.3	–
1713	Pentadecanal ^e	28.1	–	–	0.1
1799	Octadecane	0.2	–	–	–
1811	Hexadecanal	0.5	–	–	–
1840	Hexahydrofarnesylacetone ^f	1.1	–	–	–
1899	Nonadecane	0.3	0.1	–	–
1913	Heptadecanal	1.0	–	–	–
1921	Methyl palmitate	0.2	0.4	–	–
1942	Isophytol	0.3	–	–	–
1990	Ethyl palmitate	5.7	9.3	–	–
1999	Eicosane	0.8	–	–	–
2090	Methyl lineolate	–	0.1	–	–
2100	n-Heneicosane	0.6	0.3	–	–
2116	(E)-Phytol ^g	29.0	–	–	–
2123	Methy stearate	–	0.1	–	–
2152	Linoleic acid ^h	–	0.8	–	–
2199	Docosane	0.5	0.1	–	–
2298	Tricosane	0.4	0.1	–	–
2400	Tetracosane	0.3	–	–	–
2499	Pentacosane	0.2	–	–	–
Total		90.5	99.5	99.4	98.5
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		3.8	1.3	68.2	1.8
Oxygen containing monoterpenes		4.2	8.7	20.2	12.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		0.5	64.6	4.0	41.8
Oxygen containing sesquiterpenes		0.8	12.2	7.0	40.9
Fatty acids		49.1	11.9	–	0.1
Aliphatics		1.5	0.8	–	0.6
Diterpenoids		29.3	–	–	0.4
Others		1.3	–		0.1
% Yield of the oil (w/w)		0.10	0.10	0.13	0.27

^aRetention indices on HP-5ms capillary column; ^bIdentification by comparison of the mass spectral and retention index data; ^cClasses of compounds as found in the oils; ^dRI value from Skaltsa et al., 2003; ^eRI value from Dural et al., 2003; ^fRI from Roussis et al., 2000; ^gRI from Kobiasy et al., 2002; ^hRI from Bertea et al., 2005; -, not detected.

Tr, trace <0.1%; S. mac- Solanum macranthum; S. eri- Solanum erianthum.

Table 2.  Cytotoxic activities of S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils^a

Sample	Hs 578T ^b	PC-3 ^c
S. erianthum leaf oil	98.86 (0.63)	97.94 (2.05)
S. erianthum fruit oil	13.70 (20.24)	0
S. macranthum leaf oil	2.20 (2.23)	0
S. macranthum fruit oil	79.39 (9.40)	47.43 (3.68)
Tingenone	100.00	100.00

^a% kill at tested concentrations in triplicate (standard deviations in parentheses); negative controls, medium and DMSO had no effects in the assay; ^bHuman breast (ductual) tumor cells (% kill at 250 μg/mL); ^cHuman prostate tumor cells (% kill at 100 μg/mL).

Reference compound; tingenone at concentration of 250 or 100 ppm.

Table 3.  Antimicrobial activities of S. erianthum and S. macranthum volatile oils (MIC μg/mL).

Sample	B.c	S.a	E.c	P.a	C.a	A.n
S. erianthum leaf oil	312	156	625	1250	625	312
S. erianthum fruit oil	78	156	625	625	625	156
S. macranthum leaf oil	156	156	625	625	625	39
S. macranthum fruit oil	312	39	625	625	625	19.5
Positive control	1.22^a	0.61^a	2.44^a	1.22^a	0.61^b	0.61^b

B.c, Bacillus cereus (ATCC No. 14579); S.a, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC No 29213); E.c, Escherichia coli (ATCC No. 25922); P.a, Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC No. 27853); C.a, Candida albicans (ATCC No. 10231); A.n, Aspergillus niger (ATCC No. 16401).

^aGentamicin sulphate; ^bAmphotericin B; Negative control, DMSO had zero effect in the assay.

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