Role of saponins for the anticonvulsant effect of adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa

Figures & data

Table 1.  Chemical groups identified in the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract and its different fractions.

Test	Extract/Fraction
	FRR	FRRH	FRRC	FRRE	FRRB	FRRW	SRF	SLF
Alkaloid	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Carbohydrates and glycosides	+	−	+	+	+	+	+	+
Flavonoids	+	−	+	+	+	−	−	+
Phenolics	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Proteins and amino acids	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Saponins	+	−	−	−	+	−	+	−
Steroids	+	−	+	+	+	−	−	+
Tannins	+	−	−	+	+	+	−	+
Triterpenoids	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	+

Note: FRR = Hydroethanolic adventitious root extract; FRRH = hexane fraction; FRRC = chloroform fraction; FRRE = ethyl acetate fraction; FRRB = butanol fraction; FRRW = aqueous fraction; SRF = saponins-rich fraction; SLF = saponins-lacking fraction; (+) = present; (−) = absent.

Figure 1.  Effect of the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract on the duration of MES-induced tonic hind-limb extension. ^ap < 0.05 as compared to vehicle control. THLE = Tonic hind limb extension; FRR 5, 10, 20 = Hydroethanolic adventitious root extract 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg; s =  seconds.

Figure 2.  Effect of different fractions from the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract on the duration of MES-induced tonic hind-limb extension. ^ap < 0.05 as compared to vehicle control. FRRH = hexane fraction; FRRC = chloroform fraction; FRRE = ethyl acetate fraction; FRRB = butanol fraction; FRRW = aqueous fraction; SRF = saponins-rich fraction; SLF = saponins-lacking fraction; s = seconds; THLE = tonic hind-limb extension.

Figure 3.  Effect of the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract on the latency to PTZ-induced convulsions. ^ap < 0.05 as compared to vehicle control. N/C = no convulsions; FRR 5, 10, 20 = hydroethanolic adventitious root extract 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg; min = minutes.

Figure 4.  Effect of different fractions from the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract on the latency to PTZ-induced convulsions. ^ap < 0.05 as compared to vehicle control. N/C = no convulsions; FRRH = hexane fraction; FRRC = chloroform fraction; FRRE = ethyl acetate fraction; FRRB = butanol fraction; FRRW = aqueous fraction; SRF = saponins-rich fraction; SLF = saponins-lacking fraction; min = minutes.

Figure 5.  Effect of the hydroethanolic adventitious root extract and its active fractions on the fall down latency in neurotoxicity test. FRR 5, 10, 20 = hydroethanolic adventitious root extract 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg; FRRB = butanol fraction; SRF = saponins-rich fraction; s = seconds.