Antifungal activity of Andrographis paniculata extracts and active principles against skin pathogenic fungal strains in vitro

Figures & data

Table 1.  ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts of AB-1 (3-O-β-d-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographiside), AB-2 (14-deoxyandrographolide) and AB-3 (14-deoxy-11,12-dihydrondrographolide), (chemical shifts in δ ppm), 600 and 150 MHz in CDCl₃, “o” denotes overlapping signals, J values are given in Hertz (Hz).

Position	AB-1		AB-2		AB-3
	^δH	^δC	^δH	^δC	^δH	^δC
1	1.71 (o, 1H), 1.25 (o, 1H)	38.19	1.32 (m, 2H)	38.93	1.53 (m, 1H), 1.12 (m, 1H)	38.59
2	2.10 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H)	29.72	2.04 (brs, 1H), 1.99 (o, 1H)	37.74	1.75 (m, 1H), 1.60 (m, 1H)	28.15
3	3.92 (o, 1H)	75.04	3.35 (o, 1H)	80.50	3.53 (m, 1H)	80.66
4	–	39.56	–	64.13	–	64.20
5	1.3 (m, 1H)	56.44	1.46 (o, 1H)	55.21	1.14 (m, 1H)	55.30
6	1.85 (m, 2H)	35.97	2.18 (brs, 1H), 1.98 (brd, J = 6, 1H)	28.22	1.81 (m, 2H)	28.28
7	2.4 (m, 2H)	38.44	2.45 (t, 2H)	37.06	2.03 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H)	38.04
8	–	147.30	–	148.94	–	148.10
9	3.35 (d, J = 8.4, 1H)	56.18	3.50 (o, 1H)	55.96	2.33 (d, J = 10.2, 1H)	56.04
10	–	38.89	–	42.96	–	42.95
11	1.8 (m, 2H)	21.72	2.43 (dd, J = 4.2, 2.4, 2H)	24.88	6.90 (dd, J = 15.6, 9.6, 1H)	134.71
12	2.6 (m, 1H), 2.3 (m, 1H)	24.46	2.55 (dd, J = 12, 7.2, 2H)	23.76	6.13 (d, J = 15.6, 1H)	121.12
13	–	136.02	–	146.64	–	146.79
14	7.10 (t, 1H)	143.84	7.10 (brs, 1H)	127.83	7.10 (t, 1H)	129.30
15	4.77 (brs, 2H)	70.11	4.91 (brs, 2H)	66.31	4.19 (d, J = 10.8, 2H)	69.63
16	–	174.33	–	172.17	–	172.29
17	4.87 (brs, 1H), 4.59 (brs, 1H)	107.08	4.59 (brs, 1H), 4.45 (brs, 1H)	108.86	4.89 (d, J = 1.8, 1H), 4.60 (brs, 1H)	109.2
18	1.00 (brs, 3H)	18.93	1.59 (o, 3H)	22.67	1.27 (s, 3H)	22.69
19	4.03 (d, J = 9.6, 1H), 3.22 (d, J = 9.6, 1H)	62.61	4.20 (brs, 1H), 4.18 (brs, 1H)	74.61	4.23 (d, J = 10.8, 1H), 3.50 (d, J = 10.8, 1H)	70.12
20	0.66 (brs, 3H)	15.41	0.71 (s, 3H)	15.16	0.82 (s, 3H)	15.91
1′	4.24 (d, J = 7.2, 1H)	103.10	–	–	–	–
2′	3.37 (o, 1H)	71.72	–	–	–	–
3′	3.39 (o, 1H)	72.73	–	–	–	–
4′	3.57 (o, 1H)	74.03	–	–	–	–
5′	3.59 (o, 1H)	76.23	–	–	–	–
6′	3.84 (dd, J = 11.4, 4.8, 2H)	70.72	–	–	–	–

Table 2.  Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of DCM and MEOH extracts of A. paniculata whole plant.

Fungal strains	Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) µg/mL		Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) µg/mL
	DCM	MEOH	DCM	MEOH
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	200	200	300	250
Trichophyton rubrum	200	200	300	250
Microsporum canis	100	200	250	250
Candida albicans	100	200	250	250
Candida krusei	250	200	300	350
Candida tropicalis	100	150	250	250
Aspergillus niger	250	150	250	250

DCM, dichloromethane extract; MEOH, methanol extract.

Figure 1.  (a) Structure of AB-1 (3-O-β-d-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographiside) obtained from MEOH extract of A. paniculata whole plant.(b) Structure of AB-2 (14-deoxyandrographolide) obtained from MEOH extract of A. paniculata whole plant. (c) Structure of AB-3 (14-deoxy-11,12-didehydrondrographolide) obtained from DCM extract of A. paniculata whole plant.

Table 3.  Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of active principles and positive controls against selected fungal strains.

Fungal strains	Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (µg/mL)					Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) µg/mL
	AB-1	AB-2	AB-3	GR	NY	AB-1	AB-2	AB-3	GR	NY
Microsporum canis	100	50	150	15	5	150	50	150	25	10
Aspergillus niger	–	–	100	10	–	–	–	150	20	–
Candida tropicalis	100	150	100	–	10	150	200	150	–	15

– =  Not active at the highest test concentration of 400 µg/mL. AB-1 (3-O-β-d-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographiside), AB-2 (14-deoxyandrographolide), AB-3 (14-deoxy-11,12-didehydrondrographolide), GR (Griseofulvin), NY (Nystatin).