Antioxidant, antihemolytic, and inhibitory activities of endemic Primula heterochroma against Fe²⁺-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rat brain in vitro

Figures & data

Table 1.  Phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of Primula heterochroma fractions.

Sample name	Extraction yield	Total phenol contents (mg/g)^a	Total flavonoid contents (mg/g)^b	DPPH free radical scavenging IC50 (μg/mL)^c	Antihemolytic activity (μg/mL)	Fe^2+ chelating ability (%)^d
Ethyl acetate fraction	0.9%	117.5 ± 5.8	16 ± 0.6	1947 ± 83.1	537.7 ± 21.4	421.7 ± 19.1
Hexane fraction	11%	124.2 ± 5.1	21 ± 0.8	1408.5 ± 63.6	67 ± 2.6	165 ± 7.4
Aqueous fraction	7.3%	135.1 ± 6.1	9.1 ± 0.3	394.4 ± 18.4	168.2 ± 7.08	89 ± 3.8

EDTA used as control (IC₅₀ = 18 ± 1.5 μg mL⁻¹).

^amg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract powder.

^bmg quercetin equivalent/g of extract powder.

^cVitamin C used as control (5.05 ± 0.1 μg mL⁻¹).

^dInhibition at 800 mg mL⁻¹.

Figure 1.  Reducing power of flavonoid-rich fractions of Primula heterochroma. Vitamin C used as positive control.

Figure 2.  Antioxidant activity of flavonoid-rich fractions of Primula heterochroma against hemoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation. Vitamin C used as positive control.

Figure 3.  Protective effect of flavonoid-rich fractions of Primula heterochroma against Fe²⁺ induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain. Normal = lipid peroxidation without Fe²⁺ as pro-oxidants; iron induced = lipid peroxidation with Fe²⁺ as pro-oxidants alone; AF 200 = aqueous fraction (200 µg mL⁻¹); AF 100 = aqueous fraction (100 µg mL⁻¹); AF 50 = aqueous fraction (50 µg mL⁻¹); HF 200 = hexane fraction (200 µg mL⁻¹); HF 100 = hexane fraction (100 µg mL⁻¹); HF 50 = hexane fraction (50 µg mL⁻¹); EAF 200 = ethyl acetate fraction (200 µg mL⁻¹); EAF 100 = ethyl acetate fraction (100 µg mL⁻¹); EAF 50 = ethyl acetate fraction (50 µg mL⁻¹). ^ap < 0.001 versus iron group. ^bp > 0.05 versus iron group. ^cp < 0.01 versus iron group.