Anthelmintic potential of three plants used in Nigerian ethnoveterinary medicine

Figures & data

Table 1.  The percentage mortalities of H. bakeri L3 larvae at different concentrations of plant extracts in vitro.

Plants/drug	Percentage of mortality
	Concentrations (mg/ml)
	500	250	125
Ficus exasperata	100	100	100
Irvingia gabonensis	71.43	57.14	42.9
Vernonia amygdalina	71.43	57.14	57.14
Pyrantel embonate	100	100	100

Table 2.  The effect of graded doses of F. exasperata extract on the mean fecal egg count (MFEC) of H. bakeri infected mice ± SD.

Days	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
	800 mg/kg	400 mg/kg	200 mg/kg	Pyrantel embonate 19 mg/kg	Infected untreated
D12	2450.00 ± 970.05	2600.00 ± 784.22	2920.00 ± 586.00	2233.33 ± 409.61	1788.75 ± 744.65
D14	6680.00 ± 1307.54^ab	8320.00 ± 348.07^b	8830.00 ± 2068.43^b	3283.33 ± 341.97^a	3900.00 ± 398.43^a
D16	12410.00 ± 3746.34^a	10240.00 ± 1116.62^ab	10030.00 ± 1122.90^ab	6466.67 ± 1201.85^ab	3925.00 ± 867.35^b
D18	14000.00 ± 3053.52	10560.00 ± 840.60	13260.00 ± 1677.38	8833.33 ± 1695.42	7875.00 ± 2984.23
D20	15560.00 ± 2905.44^a	13000.00 ± 2437.42^ab	18180.00 ± 2472.35^a	5946.67 ± 3020.85^b	10225.00 ± 2587.59^ab
D22	22080.00 ± 3781.32^a	21930.00 ± 4918.98^a	41280.00 ± 6065.01^b	27.00 ± 12.10 ^c	17225 ± 2709.67^a
D24	19560.00 ± 1320.83^a	20960.00 ± 1518.75^a	30600.00 ± 1351.67^b	17.33 ± 13.38^c	16675.00 ± 2560.40^a
D26	20300.00 ± 5844.66^a	19820.00 ± 2820.89^a	32380.00 ± 5472.60^a	7.33 ± 5.46^b	20700.00 ± 8086.82
D28	12000.00 ± 2213.59^a	16200.00 ± 4083.00^a	22200.00 ± 5938.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	12975.00 ± 2521.11^a
D30	28720.00 ± 4292.48^a	17280.00 ± 4083.80^ab	29880.00 ± 8525.22^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	16350.00 ± 7077.00^ab
D32	19380.00 ± 4096.75^a	23680.00 ± 5423.23^a	27580.00 ± 8262.35^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	15725.00 ± 4663.94^ab

Different superscripts (^ab) in a row indicates significant difference between the means at the level of probability: p ≤ 0.05.

Table 3.  The effect of graded doses of F. exasperata extract on the mean packed cell volume (MPCV) of H. bakeri infected mice ± SD.

Days	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
	800 mg/kg	400 mg/kg	200 mg/kg	Pyrantel embonate 19 mg/kg	Infected untreated	Uninfected group
D0	54.80 ± 1.36	58.80 ± 2.50	55.60 ± 1.54	54.67 ± 2.58	59.50 ± 1.94	57.40 ± 1.33
D7	52.00 ± 0.84^a	56.20 ± 2.15^ab	53.4 ± 1.54^ab	53.00 ± 1.53^ab	57.75 ± 1.75^b	57.60 ± 0.98^b
D14	50.8 ± 1.66^a	52.40 ± 1.21^ab	50.20 ± 1.59^a	52.33 ± 1.67^ab	55.50 ± 0.96^bc	57.40 ± 1.33^c
D21	49.80 ± 1.80^a	50.80 ± 1.02^a	50.60 ± 1.33^a	52.33 ± 1.20^ab	54.00 ± 0.91^ab	56.40 ± 1.57^b
D28	49.80 ± 1.43^a	50.40 ± 0.93^a	51.60 ± 1.72^a	56.00 ± 2.00^b	54.00 ± 0.91^ab	57.60 ± 1.03^b
D35	48.8 ± 1.32^a	51.20 ± 1.20^a	50.40 ± 1.63^a	56.67 ± 1.33^b	53.00 ± 1.08^ab	57.60 ± 1.86^b

Different superscripts (^a–c) in a row indicates significant difference between the means at the level of probability: p ≤ 0.05.

Table 4.  The effect of graded doses of F. exasperata extract on the mean body weight (MBW) of H. bakeri infected mice ± SD.

Days	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
	800 mg/kg	400 mg/kg	200 mg/kg	Pyrantel embonate 19 mg/kg	Infected untreated	Uninfected
D0	30.60 ± 1.21	31.60 ± 1.29	32.00 ± 1.14	31.00 ± 1.00	30.25 ± 0.63	31.20 ± 1.36
D7	28.80 ± 1.16	29.40 ± 1.40	29.40 ± 0.68	29.33 ± 0.88	27.75 ± 1.03	30.00 ± 0.95
D14	27.60 ± 0.81^ab	27.80 ± 1.02^ab	28.20 ± 0.66^ab	28.67 ± 0.67^b	25.50 ± 1.32^a	29.20 ± 0.73^b
D21	28.80 ± 0.37^a	29.60 ± 0.81^ab	29.60 ± 0.24^ab	28.67 ± 1.33^a	28.00 ± 0.82^a	31.40 ± 0.60^b
D28	27.80 ± 0.66	27.40 ± 1.08	28.40 ± 0.51	28.00 ± 1.15	29.00 ± 1.08	28.80 ± 1.03
D35	27.40 ± 0.87	28.00 ± 0.63	28.40 ± 0.68	27.67 ± 0.33	27.75 ± 1.03	29.00 ± 0.63

Different superscripts (^a,b) in a row indicates significant difference between the means at the level of probability: p ≤ 0.05.