Antidiabetic effect of Streblus asper in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Structure of α-amyrin acetate.

Table 1.  Effect of PESA and α-amyrin acetate on glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Drug	Serum glucose level
	0 Day	5th Day	10th Day	15th Day
Normal	101 ± 2.16	101 ± 2.60	100.8 ± 2.31	95.33 ± 2.16
Control	324.7 ± 2.56^a,*	326.5 ± 1.87^a,*	333.3 ± 2.16^a,b	330.5 ± 1.8^a,*
Standard (0.5 mg/kg)	419.9 ± 4.48^c,*	301.5 ± 2.88^c,*	241.5 ± 1.8^c,*	146.2 ± 2.48^c,*
STZ+PESA (100 mg/kg)	470.5 ± 1.87^c,*	212 ± 3.34^c,*	140.5 ± 1.87^c,*	102.5 ± 1.87^c,*
STZ + PESA (250 mg/kg)	480.7 ± 6.02^c,*	208.2 ± 2.31^c,*	145.3 ± 2.16^b,c	100.5 ± 1.87^c,*
STZ + PESA (500 mg/kg)	475.3 ± 2.16^c,*	215.2 ± 2.30^c,*	150.5 ± 1.87^c,*	98.33 ± 2.16^c,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (25 mg/kg)	380.5 ± 1.87^c,*	155.3 ± 2.16^c,*	135.5 ± 1.87^c,*	96.50 ± 1.87^c,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (50 mg/kg)	372.8 ± 3.48^c,*	151.7 ± 2.16^c,*	128.3 ± 2.16^c,*	96.5 ± 1.8^c,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (75 mg/kg)	370.3 ± 3.01^c,*	140.5 ± 1.8^c,*	120.8 ± 2.31^c,*	95.50 ± 1.86^c,*

Values are mean ± SD, N = 6. STZ (50 mg/kg. b.w.) was injected to control and all other drug treated groups.

^aSTZ-induced diabetic group vs normal group, p < 0.01.

^bNon-significant.

^cExtract treated group vs STZ-induced diabetic group.

*p < 0.01.

Table 2.  Effect of PESA and α-amyrin acetate on serum biomarkers in STZ-induced diabetic rats after treatment.

Groups	SGOT (IU/dl)	SGPT (IU/dl)	ALP (IU/dl)
Normal	56.17 ± 1.47	61.25 ± 0.93	122 ± 1.41
Control	146.7 ± 0.6^a,*	133.7 ± 1.03^a,*	244.9 ± 1.30^a,*
Standard (0.5 mg/kg)	64.67 ± 1.5^b,*	71.83 ± 0.82^b,*	133.7 ± 1.03^b,*
STZ+PESA (100 mg/kg)	91.42 ± 0.73^b,*	87.67 ± 0.60^b,*	180.6 ± 1.02^b,*
STZ+PESA (250 mg/kg)	71.58 ± 1.02^b,*	73.17 ± 0.82^b,*	153.3 ± 0.61^b,*
STZ+PESA (500 mg/kg)	59.42 ± 1.11^b,*	63.92 ± 1.10^b,*	133.4 ± 0.92^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (25 mg/kg)	68.00 ± 0.70^b,*	70.58 ± 1.11^b,*	131.8 ± 1.10^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (50 mg/kg)	61.25 ± 0.75^b,*	64.17 ± 1.20^b,*	126.8 ± 0.68^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (75 mg/kg)	57.83 ± 0.51^b,*	62.42 ± 1.02^b,*	120.3 ± 1.08^b,*

Values are mean ± SD, N = 6. STZ (50 mg/kg., b.w.) was injected to control and all other drug treated groups.

^aSTZ-induced diabetic group vs normal group, p < 0.01.

^bTreated group vs STZ-induced diabetic group, *p < 0.01.

Table 3.  Effect of PESA and α-amyrin acetate on serum lipid profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats after treatment.

Groups	Cholesterol (mg/dl)	Triglyceride (mg/dl)	LDL (mg/dl)	HDL (mg/dl)
Normal	147.8 ± 0.93	101.1 ± 1.43	106.8 ± 1.17	48.58 ± 0.66
Control	263.3 ± 1.32^a,*	212 ± 1.30^a,*	217.1 ± 1.43^a,*	26.17 ± 0.68^a,*
Standard (0.5 mg/kg)	150.5 ± 1.75^b,*	112.8 ± 2.32^b,*	103.7 ± 1.1^b,*	52.08 ± 1.2^b,*
STZ+PESA (100 mg/kg)	192.6 ± 1.02^b,*	181.3 ± 1.33^b,*	172.2 ± 1.5^b,*	33.90 ± 0.72^b,*
STZ + PESA (250 mg/kg)	166.2 ± 1.16^b,*	140.6 ± 1.6^b,*	136.8 ± 1.03^b,*	37.93 ± 0.83^b,*
STZ+PESA (500 mg/kg)	161.8 ± 1.72^b,*	137 ± 1.45^b,*	133.9 ± 1.07^b,*	35.67 ± 2.06^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (25 mg/kg)	161.3 ± 2.27^b,*	135.3 ± 0.9^b,*	124.8 ± 1.54^b,*	38.58 ± 1.11^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (50 mg/kg)	150.5 ± 1.9^b,*	121 ± 2.36^b,*	110.6 ± 1.1^b,*	44.17 ± 0.52^b,*
STZ + α-amyrin acetate (75 mg/kg)	145.3 ± 1.08^b,*	115.4 ± 1.02^b,*	102.3 ± 1.26^b,*	48.17 ± 0.68^b,*

Values are mean ± SD, N = 6. STZ (50 mg/kg. b.w.) was injected to control and all other drug treated groups.

^aSTZ-induced diabetic group vs normal group, *p < 0.01.

^bTreated group vs STZ-induced diabetic group, *p < 0.01.

Table 4.  Effect of PESA and α-amyrin acetate on serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of STZ treated diabetic rats.

Groups	Dose (mg/kg., b.w.)	Serum insulin (µU/mL)		HbA1c (%)
		0 day	15th day
Normal	–	17.78 ± 0.15	18.00 ± 0.12	3.92 ± 0.07
STZ control	–	8.27 ± 0.14	07.01 ± 0.21^a,*	9.18 ± 0.18^a,*
Standard	0.5	8.56 ± 0.20	17.93 ± 0.10^b,*	4.06 ± 0.10^b,*
STZ+ PESA	100	8.17 ± 0.18	11.13 ± 0.17^b,*	6.43 ± 0.30^b,*
STZ+ PESA	250	8.38 ± 0.22	14.22 ± 0.19^b,*	5.45 ± 0.13^b,*
STZ+ PESA	500	8.72 ± 0.23	16.56 ± 0.27^b,*	4.32 ± 0.10^b,*
STZ+ α-amyrin acetate	25	8.29 ± 0.19	13.58 ± 0.27^b,*	6.00 ± 0.08^b,*
STZ+ α-amyrin acetate	50	8.35 ± 0.21	16.43 ± 0.10^b,*	4.59 ± 0.23^b,*
STZ+ α-amyrin acetate	75	8.48 ± 0.14	17.83 ± 0.12^b,*	4.08 ± 0.06^b,*

Values are mean ± SD, N = 6.

^aSTZ-induced diabetic group vs normal group, *p < 0.01.

^bTreated group vs STZ-induced diabetic group, *p < 0.01.

Figure 2.  Photomicrographs of 15 day experimental rat liver. Section A (10×) shows a normal histological section with well arranged cells and clear large central vein, cytoplasm and nucleus are well preserved. Section B (10×) shows the complete destruction of hepatocytes degeneration of central vein, fatty degeneration, loss of cell structure and damage in cell membrane in STZ-induced diabetic rat liver. Sections C, D, and E (10×) are treated with PESA (100, 250 & 500 mg/kg) and shows slight necrosis and restored to normal, respectively. Picture F, G & H (10×) depicts no damage and the hepatocyte architecture is near to normal by treatment with α-amyrin acetate (25, 50 & 75 mg/kg). These depict the well preserved hepatocytes, clear cytoplasm and nucleus with less neutrophil infiltration. In case of standard glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg), I (10×) treatment shows no damage in the hepatocytes and well arranged with central vein.