Changes in the contents of main secondary metabolites in two Turkish Hypericum species during plant development

Figures & data

Figure 1.  A view of Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (A) and Hypericum orientale (B) plants at flowering in their native habitats.

Table 1.  Geographical data and seasonal climatic conditions for collection sites (Merzifon for H. orientale and Gümüş for H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum).

Collection sites	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)	Elevation (m)	Mean temperature (°C)	Precipitation (mm)
Merzifon	40° 55′	35° 25′	1850	18.05	224.5
Gümüş	40° 52′	35° 14′	785	16.6	382.8

Climatic data belong to April-October period.

Table 2.  Time course of phenological sampling of Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum and H. orientale.

	Phenological stages
	Vegetative	Floral budding	Full flowering	Fresh fruiting	Mature fruiting
H. aviculariifolium	29 April	20 May	6 June	30 June	25 July
H. orientale	18 April	29 May	28 June	19 July	20 September

Figure 2.  HPLC chromatogram of Hypericum orientale methanolic flower extract. Peaks identified at UV wave length 353 nm: 1 – chlorogenic acid (Rt-9.636 min), 2 – rutin (Rt – 15.911 min), 3 – hyperoside (Rt – 16.180 min), 4 – isoquercetin (Rt – 16.516 min), 5 – quercitrin (Rt – 17.371 min), 6 – quercetin (Rt – 18.634 min); peak identified at UV wave length 270 nm: 7 – hyperforin (Rt – 29.990 min).

Figure 3.  HPLC chromatogram of Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum methanolic flower extract detected at UV wave-length 580 nm. Peaks identified: 1 – pseudohypericin (Rt – 13.688 min), 2 – hypericin (Rt – 26.662 min).

Table 3.  Hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetine, quercitrine and quercetine contents (mg/g DW) of Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum whole shoots during its phenological cycle.

Phenological stage	Hypericin	Psedohypericin	Hyperforin	Chlorogenic acid	Rutin	Hyperoside	Isoquercetine	Quercitrine	Quercetine
Vegetative	0.36 d*	0.41 c	0.00 b	12.40 a	28.04 b	1.49 b	0.56 b	1.26 c	0.04 b
Floral budding	0.48 c	0.97 b	0.00 b	10.16 b	32.96 a	2.42 a	1.52 a	2.14 b	0.09 b
Full flowering	0.71 a	1.78 a	0.82 a	6.26 c	24.21 c	1.56 b	0.74 b	4.15 a	0.09 b
Fresh fruiting	0.66 b	0.91 b	0.00 b	3.18 d	15.19 d	1.01 b	0.61 b	2.34 b	0.35 a
Mature fruiting	0.32 d	0.33 c	0.00 b	2.61 d	8.95 e	1.01 b	0.53 b	2.76 b	0.33 a

^*Values followed by different small letters in each column are significantly different (p < 0.01) according to Duncan Multiple Range test.

Figure 4.  Ontogenetic changes in hypericin (A), pseudohypericin (B), hyperforin (C), chlorogenic acid (D), rutin (E), hyperoside (F), isoquercetine (G), quercitrine (H) and quercetine (I), content of stem, leaf and reproductive tissues in Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (Values with different small letters-a, b, c-within columns for each development stage differ significantly at the level of p < 0.01).

Table 4.  Hyperforin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetine, quercitrine and quercetine contents (mg/g DW) of Hypericum orientale whole shoots during its phenological cycle.

Phenological stage	Hyperforin	Chlorogenic acid	Rutin	Hyperoside	Isoquercetine	Quercitrine	Quercetine
Vegetative	0.00 b*	5.31 a	0.00 c	8.43 b	0.73 c	0.00 b	0.77 b
Floral budding	0.00 b	4.16 b	0.05 c	11.85 a	1.21 a	0.00 b	0.90 b
Full flowering	0.21 a	4.57 b	1.76 a	7.47 b	0.95 b	0.15 a	0.82 b
Fresh fruiting	0.00 b	1.65 c	0.11 b	3.85 c	0.41 d	0.20 a	1.30 a
Mature fruiting	0.00 b	1.61 c	0.00 c	2.52 c	0.33 d	0.00 b	0.64 b

^*Values followed by different small letters in each column are significantly different (p < 0.01) according to Duncan Multiple Range test.

Figure 5.  Ontogenetic changes in hyperforin (A), chlorogenic acid (B), rutin (C), hyperoside (D), isoquercetine (E), quercitrine (F) and quercetine (G), content of stem, leaf and reproductive tissues in Hypericum orientale (Values with different small letters-a, b, c-within columns for each development stage differ significantly at the level of p < 0.01).