Therapeutic potential of octyl gallate isolated from fruits of Terminalia bellerica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. IR spectrum of octyl gallate isolated from the fruit rind of T. bellerica.

Figure 2. EI-MS spectrum of octyl gallate isolated from the fruit rind of T. bellerica.

Figure 3. Molecular structure of octyl gallate isolated from the fruit rind of T. bellerica.

Table 1. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on plasma glucose levels in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

	Plasma glucose levels (mg/dl)
Groups	Initial day	3rd day	7th day	14th day	28th day
Normal	82.73 ± 6.2^a	82.47 ± 5.1^a	79.47 ± 3.7^a	81.27 ± 4.0^a	79.4 ± 6.2^a
Normal + OG-TB(20 mg/kg bw)	76.5 ± 4.0^a	78.07 ± 4.5^a	78.0 ± 5.6^a	80.33 ± 4.8^a	79.4 ± 7.9^a
Diabetic control	359.73 ± 10.2^b	373.37 ± 6.3^f	386.9 ± 9.4^f	398.93 ± 6.5^e	420.43 ± 9.5^d
Diab + OG-TB (5 mg/kg bw)	364.7 ± 8.7^b,c	350.87 ± 9.5^e	307.0 ± 10.4^e	260.83 ± 10.4^d	229.83 ± 8.9^c
Diab + OG-TB (10 mg/kg bw)	374.07 ± 8.6^b,c	329.03 ± 8.9^d	270.7 ± 8.6^d	135.37 ± 6.9^c	109.47 ± 9.5^b
Diab + OG-TB (20 mg/kg bw)	376.0 ± 8.9^c	237.7 ± 10.1^b	149.03 ± 9.1^b	108.47 ± 6.9^b	102.83 ± 6.6^b
Diabetic + insulin(3 IU/kg bw)	373.03 ± 8.2^bc	271.13 ± 12.5^c	200.43 ± 9.9^c	113.17 ± 6.7^b	103.07 ± 8.2^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 2. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on plasma insulin, C-peptide, total protein and albumin in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	Insulin (µU/ml)	C-peptide (pmol/l)	Total protein (g/dl)	Albumin (g/dl)
Normal	16.55 ± 1.17^b	253.30 ± 8.65^b	7.82 ± 0.17^b	4.47 ± 0.31^c
Normal + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	17.1 ± 1.05^b	270.2 ± 8.4^c	7.9 ± 0.3^b	4.5 ± 0.15^c
Diabetic control	6.07 ± 0.99^a	54.4 ± 10.01^a	4.40 ± 0.35^a	2.07 ± 0.12^a
Diabetic + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	15.5 ± 1.23^b	272.1 ± 9.6^c	7.4 ± 0.3^b	4.26 ± 0.24^b,c
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	5.27 ± 1.34^a	53.13 ± 9.15^a	7.50 ± 0.23^b	4.03 ± 0.06^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 3. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on body weight in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

	Body weight in grams
Groups	Before induction	After induction	After treatment
Normal	160.5 ± 7.0	162.5 ± 8.0^b	192.2 ± 7.5^c
Diabetic control	161.7 ± 8.0	142.5 ± 9.0^a	122.2 ± 7.5^a
Diab + OG-TB (10 mg/kg bw)	159.0 ± 8.0	139.0 ± 7.0^a	163.5 ± 8.0^b
Diab + OG-TB (20 mg/kg bw)	158.0 ± 9.0	137.0 ± 8.0^a	173.3 ± 8.25^b
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	160.0 ± 7.0	140.0 ± 8.0^a	168.3 ± 9.5^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 4. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on food and water intake in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	Food intake (gm/rat/day)	Water intake (ml/rat/day)
Normal	13.67 ± 1.63^a	17.43 ± 2.60^a
Normal + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	12.83 ± 1.53^a	16.67 ± 1.53^a
Diabetic control	19.03 ± 1.66^b	35.8 ± 3.56^d
Diabetic + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	15.16 ± 1.53^a	23.4 ± 0.79^b
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	15.47 ± 1.5^a	28.33 ± 1.04^c

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 5. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on muscle and liver glycogen in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	Muscle glycogen (mg/gm tissue)	Liver glycogen (mg/gm tissue)
Normal	9.01 ± 1.63^b,c	50.46 ± 4.05^b,c
Normal + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	9.37 ± 0.6^c	52.93 ± 3.67^c
Diabetic control	2.33 ± 0.45^a	20.83 ± 4.04^a
Diabetic + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	9.03 ± 0.55^b,c	51.57 ± 3.79^c
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	8.17 ± 0.6^b	43.47 ± 4.86^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 6. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on glucokinase, glucose 6-phosphatase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activity in the liver tissues of normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	Glucokinase (mmol of glucose phosphorylated/h/mg protein)	Glucose 6-Pase (µmol of Pi liberated/min/mg protein)	Glycogen synthase (µmol of UDP formed/h/mg protein)	Glycogen phosphorylase (µmol of Pi formed/h/mg protein)
Normal	137.4 ± 8.98^c	18.5 ± 1.9^a,b	865.97 ± 37.63^c	550.7 ± 37.11^a
Normal + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	133.9 ± 10.12^b,c	17.0 ± 1.2^a	849.33 ± 38.41^b,c	545.0 ± 43.57^a
Diabetic control	45.43 ± 4.2^a	42.23 ± 3.95^c	482.4 ± 40.26^a	823.57 ± 35.16^b
Diabetic + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	130.2 ± 8.21^b,c	22.13 ± 2.65^b	783.03 ± 43.95^b	590.4 ± 30.10^a
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	119.1 ± 9.88^b	20.43 ± 2.15^a,b	805.17 ± 39.62^b,c	547.07 ± 25.09^a

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 7. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on lipid profile in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	T. Cholesterol (mg/dl)	Triglycerides (mg/dl)	LDL (mg/dl)	HDL (mg/dl)
Normal	70.33 ± 6.43^a	70.67 ± 5.03^a	41.50 ± 3.5^a	26.07 ± 1.63^b
Normal + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	66.5 ± 7.2^a	67.3 ± 7.5^a	38.4 ± 7.2^a	22.6 ± 2.6^b
Diabetic control	139.30 ± 8.97^b	114.87 ± 5.0^b	75.43 ± 6.12^c	12.53 ± 2.3^a
Diabetic + OG (20 mg/kg bw)	69.1 ± 6.5^a	65.3 ± 7.1^a	39.2 ± 6.1^a	24.5 ± 2.5^b
Diabetic + insulin (3 IU/kg bw)	78.67 ± 4.04^a	71.93 ± 6.16^a	53.97 ± 4.84^b	22.33 ± 3.25^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.

Table 8. Effect of oral administration of octyl gallate isolated from T. bellerica on serum urea, uric acid and creatinine in normal and STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.

Groups	Urea (mg/dl)	Uric Acid (mg/dl)	Creatinine (mg/dl)
Normal	23.30 ± 1.41^a	1.80 ± 0.20^a,b	1.00 ± 0.10^a
Normal + OG  (20 mg/kg bw)	24.5 ± 3.50^a	1.7 ± 0.20^a	0.85 ± 0.08^a
Diabetic control	44.27 ± 3.37^b	3.80 ± 0.44^c	2.30 ± 0.10^c
Diabetic + OG  (20 mg/kg bw)	27.3 ± 4.0^a	1.75 ± 0.17^a	1.0 ± 0.1^a
Diabetic + insulin  (3 IU/kg bw)	27.57 ± 3.98^a	2.30 ± 0. 30^b	1.23 ± 0.15^b

Each value is mean ± SD for six rats in each group. Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly at p < 0.05 using DMRT.