Modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced early lung injury by allicin

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP, 150 mg/kg) and/or allicin (50 mg/kg) on percent survival of rats. *Significantly different from the corresponding value of the negative control group. #Significantly different from the corresponding value of the CP-treated group. Statistical comparisons were performed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05).

Table 1. Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP, 150 mg/kg) and/or allicin (50 mg/kg) on body weight and the lung/body weight ratio of rats.

	Body weight (g)
Treatment	Before treatment	After treatment	% Change in body weight	Lung/body weight ratio (× 10^−3)
Control	179.9 ± 17.65	217.5 ± 18.21^a	20.9 ↑	6.4 ± 0.5
CP	182.1 ± 14.46	164.9 ± 14.42^a	9.46 ↓	7.9 ± 0.8^b
Allicin	181.5 ± 12.42	218.9 ± 10.46^a	20.6 ↑	6.0 ± 1.0^c
CP/Allicin	210.4 ± 20.33	184.1 ± 26.16^a	12.5 ↓	5.6 ± 0.7^c

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8.

^aSignificantly different from its corresponding initial value using paired Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the control group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

^cSignificantly different from the CP-treated group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP,150 mg/kg) and/or allicin (50 mg/kg) on serum TNF-α. *Significantly different from the corresponding mean value of the negative control group (p < 0.05). #Significantly different from the corresponding mean value of the CP-treated group (p < 0.05). Statistical comparisons were performed using One-Way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP,150 mg/kg) and/or allicin (50 mg/kg) on serum total protein and LDH.

Treatment	Total protein (g/dl)	LDH (U/l)
Control	4.898 ± 0.31	123.7 ± 13.51
CP	7.903 ± 0.69^a	280.3 ± 46.05^a
Allicin	4.95 ± 0.41^b	115.1 ± 6.33^b
CP/Allicin	5.79 ± 0.88^b	155.2 ± 16.46^b

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8.

^aSignificantly different from the control group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the CP-treated group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP, 150 mg/kg) and/or allicin (50 mg/kg) on lung antioxidant status.

Treatment	TBARS (nmol/g wet tissue)	GSH (μmol/g wet tissue)	SOD (units/g wet tissue)
Control	63.63 ± 6.57	0.667 ± 0.084	27.5 ± 3.5
CP	121.4 ± 20.23^a	0.112 ± 0.026^a	53.75 ± 1.98^a
Allicin	60.75 ± 15.67^b	0.565 ± 0.14^b	27.5 ± 4.4^b
CP/Allicin	70.63 ± 18.65^b	0.348 ± 0.024^a,b	42.13 ± 6.98^a,b

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8.

^aSignificantly different from the control group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the CP-treated group using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

Figure 3. Light microscopy photomicrographs of representative histological sections of the lung of: (A) Control group showing normal appearance (H&E × 200); (B) CP group showing foci of edema and congestion, marked thickening of the alveolar septa and the alveolar lining is prominent (H&E × 200); (C) Higher power showing increased cellularity of the alveolar septa by inflammatory cells (arrow) and extravasated blood (H&E × 400) and (D) CP/Allicin group showing thickening of the alveolar septa in 35% of all examined fields (H&E × 400).