Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava

Figures & data

Figure 1. Kugelrohr distillation apparatus. A – oven (350 W); B – sample flask; C – receipting flask; D – cooling bath (dry ice/acetone); E – rotary system/vacuum outlet/support.

Table 1. Constitution of the leaf essential oils and the more (+V) and less (−V) volatile fractions from S. cumini and P. guajava after the Kugelrhor distillation.

			S. cumini (SC)			P. guajava (PG)
Constituent	RI^b	AI (lit.)^c	Original	+V	−V	Original	+V	−V
α-Pinene	934	932	22.2	55.0	5.50	–	–	–
Camphene	944	946	1.70	–	–	–	–	–
Benzaldehyde^a	957	952	–	–	–	0.34	0	0
β-Pinene	973	974	4.30	1.70	0.29	–	–	–
Myrcene	986	988	1.90	0	0	–	–	–
(3 Z)-Hexenyl acetate^a	1003	1004	0.44	0	0	–	–	–
Limonene	1024	1024	7.30	13.0	3.00	–	–	–
1,8-Cineole	1024	1026	–	–	–	1.80	1.30	0
cis-β-Ocimene	1036	1032	10.2	–	–	–	–	–
trans-β-Ocimene	1045	1044	5.88	3.10	0.71	–	–	–
γ-Terpinene	1054	1054	0.80	–	–	–	–	–
Terpinolene	1083	1086	1.20	–	–	–	–	–
Fenchol [endo]	1108	1114	0.27	–	–	–	–	–
Allo-ocimene	1123	1128	1.60	–	–	–	–	–
trans-Pinocarveol	1133	1135	0.40	–	–	–	–	–
Camphene hydrate	1141	1145	0.25	–	–	–	–	–
Borneol	1159	1165	0.34	–	–	–	–	–
Terpinen-4-ol	1170	1174	0.58	8.60	4.10	–	–	–
α-Terpineol	1188	1186	7.00	8.80	2.50	–	–	–
Fenchyl acetate [endo]	1212	1218	0.72	3.40	1.00	–	–	–
Bornyl acetate	1278	1287	2.22	0.52	2.90	–	–	–
δ-Elemene	1331	1335	–	–	–	0.24	0	0
α-Copaene	1369	1374	0.17	0	0	3.90	0	0
β-Caryophyllene	1415	1408	9.45	2.02	19.0	12.0	24.0	7.20
Aromadendrene	1433	1439	–	–	–	0.21	–	–
α-Humulene	1446	1452	5.50	0.58	8.50	15.0	37.0	13.0
Allo-aromadendrede	1455	1458	–	–	–	0.56	–	–
γ-Gurjunene	1462	1475	0.45	–	–	0.33	–	–
γ-Muurolene	1467	1478	0.25	–	–	–	–	–
γ-Selinene	1465	–	–	–	–	1.10	1.60	0
Germacrene D	1476	1484	–	–	–	1.10	t	0
β-Selinene	1485	1489	–	–	1.20	11.0	14.0	6.70
Valencene	1478	1496	0.58	0	0	–	–	–
α-Selinene	1493	1498	0.33	0	1.00	10.0	12.0	4.90
α-Muurolene	1490	1500	t	0	0	–	–	–
β-Bisabolene	1500	1505	–	–	–	0.47	–	–
γ-Cadinene	1507	1513	0.24	0	0	0.70	–	–
δ-Cadinene	1517	1522	1.40	0	13.7	1.00	–	–
trans-Cadina-1,4-diene	1524	1533	–	–	–	0.15	–	–
α-Calacorene	1535	1544	–	–	–	0.19	–	–
Caryophyll-5-en-12-al	1544	–	–	–	–	0.61	–	–
(E)-Nerolidol	1557	1561	0.22	–	0	0.95	1.30	4.60
Caryophyllenyl alcohol	1562	1570	1.70	–	0	0.30	0	0
Caryophyllene oxide	1578	1582	1.70	–	4.10	4.30	1.60	5.00
Globulol	1580	1590	–	–	–	0.16	–	1.70
Viridiflorol	1594	1592	1.40	–	1.10	–	–	–
Humulene epoxyde II	1604	1608	0.75	–	1.34	4.60	2.10	6.60
β-Oplopenone	1612	1697	–	–		0.67	0	1.50
Caryophyll-5-en-2β-ol	1609	–	0.99	–	–	–	–	–
cis-α-Copaen-8-ol	1622	–	0.43	–	–	2.00	0	1.70
Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-β-ol	1629	1639	0.55	–	1.60	3.40	0	15.0
Cedr-8-(15)-en-9-α-ol (?)	1633	1650	–	–	–	7.60	2.40	7.40
epi-α-Cadinol	1637	1638	0.57	–	–		0	1.30
α-Muurolol	1641	1644	–	–	–	5.60	1.90	9.60
α-Cadinol	1651	1652	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
Cadalene	1667	1675	–	–	–	0.12	–	2.70
Phytol^a	2119	1942	–	–	–	4.80	–	t
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			57.0	72.8	8.00	0	–	–
Oxygenated monoterpenes			11.7	21.3	12.0	1.80	1.30	–
Monoterpene: total			68.7	94.1	20.0	1.80	1.30	–
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			18.4	2.60	43.4	54.6	88.6	34.5
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes			7.86	0	8.14	30.2	9.30	54.4
Sesquiterpene: total			26.3	2.60	51.6	84.8	97.9	88.9
Others^a			0.50	–	–	5.14	–	t
Total identified			95.5	96.7	71.6	89.9	99.2	88.9

^aHexenyl acetate, benzaldehyde and phytol. t = traces (<0.10%).

^bRI = retention index.

^cAI = Arithmetic Index on DB-5 column with reference to n-alkanes (Adams, 2007).

Figure 2. Relative contents of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the original samples and the more (+V) and less (−V) volatile fractions from distillation of S. cumini (SC) and P. guajava (PG) essential oils. Identified compounds: M-Hc = monoterpenes hydrocarbons; M-Ox = oxydized monoterpenes; S-Hc = sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons; S-Ox = oxydized sesquiterpenes. Identified compounds: M-Hc = monoterpenes hydrocarbons; M-Ox = oxydized monoterpenes; S-Hc = sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons; S-Ox = oxydized sesquiterpenes.

Figure 3. Effect of S. cumini (SC), more (+V) and less (−V) volatile fractions on LPS-induced total leukocyte, mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils recruitment. Oil (100 mg/kg; hatched columns) or vehicle (open and closed columns) was administered p.o. 1 h prior to LPS (250 ng/cavity) and pleural fluid was collected 24 h later. + and * indicate p < 0.05 when compared to control non-stimulated saline injected (open columns) or LPS-stimulated saline-treated group (closed columns), respectively.

Figure 4. Effect of P. guajava (PG), more (+V) and less (−V) volatile fractions on LPS-induced total leukocyte, mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils recruitment. Oil (100 mg/kg; hatched columns) or vehicle (open and closed columns) was administered p.o. 1 h prior to LPS (250 ng/cavity) and pleural fluid was collected 24 h later. + and * indicate p < 0.05 when compared to control non-stimulated saline injected (open columns) or LPS-stimulated saline-treated group (closed columns), respectively. Oil (100 mg/kg; hatched columns) or vehicle (open and closed columns) was administered p.o. 1 h prior to LPS (250 ng/cavity) and pleural fluid was collected 24 h later. + and * indicate p < 0.05 when compared to control non-stimulated saline injected (open columns) or LPS-stimulated saline-treated group (closed columns), respectively.

Figure 5. Effect of β-caryophyllene (β-Ca), β-caryophyllene oxide (OxCa), β-pinene (β-Pi) and α-pinene (α-Pi) on LPS-induced total leukocyte and eosinophils recruitment. Sample (100 mg/kg; hatched columns) or vehicle (open and closed columns) was administered p.o. 1 h prior to LPS (250 ng/cavity) and pleural fluid was collected 24 h later. * Indicates p < 0.05 when compared to control non-stimulated saline injected (open columns) or LPS-stimulated saline-treated group (closed columns), respectively. Dexametasona (DEXA, 2 mg/kg) was the positive control.

Adams, R. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Illinois: Allured Publ Co

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