Volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing in Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India

Figures & data

Table 1. Previously reported major constituents of essential oil of A. absinthium from different countries.

Country	Major constituents
Belgium	Sabinene (9.3%), myrcene (5.4%), sabinyl acetate (18.6%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Canada	Myrcene (10.8%), trans-thujone (10.1%) and trans-sabinyl acetate (26.4%) (Lopes-Lutz et al., 2008)
Cuba	Bornyl acetate (23.0%) (Pino et al., 1997)
Egypt	α-Phellandrene (50.5%) and terpinen-4-ol (12.0%) (Aboutabl et al., 1998)
Estonia	Epoxyocimenes (59.7%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Ethiopia	Camphor (27.4%), dehydrocostus lactone (41.8%) (Tariku et al., 2011)
France	cis-Chrysanthenol (69.0%) (Carnat et al., 1992); cis-epoxyocimene (49.7%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (36.7%) (Juteau et al., 2003)
Germany	1,8-Cineol (3.4%), curcumeme structures (8.9%), neryl-3-methyl butanoate (3.8%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Greece	Caryophyllene oxide (23.3%), p-cymene (16.8%), 1,8-cineole (18.9%) and (Z)-lanceol acetate (7.3%) (Basta et al., 2007); β-thujone (38.7%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Hungry	Sabinene (18.1%), myrcene (17.7%) (Orav et al., 2006)
India	β-Phellandrene (10.0%), thujone (9.22%), α-himachalene (7.0%) and β-caryophyllene (5.0%) (Kaul et al., 1979)
Iran	β-Pinene (34.0%), p-cymene (14.6%), α-pinene (8.3%), α-thujone (6.9%) (Rahimizadeh et al., 2001); thujone (5.1%) (Sefidkon et al., 2003); β-pinene (23.8%) and trans-thujone (18.6%) (Rezaeinodehi & Khangholi, 2008)
Italy	Epoxyocimenes (23.1-56.6%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Latvia	trans-Verbenol (9.2%), sabinyl acetate (23.6%), curcumene structures (9.0%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Lithuania	trans-Verbenol (11.7%), sabinyl acetate (13.7%), curcumene structures (6.3%) (Orav et al., 2006); thujones (cis + trans, 10.2–36.3%), trans-sabinyl acetate (9.8-39.2%), myrcene (5.1-9.2%), β-pinene (5.4–10.4%), linalool (4.7%), trans-sabinol (6.4%) and 1,8-cineole (5.2-7.1%) (Judzentiene et al., 2009)
Morocco	Thujone (Derwich et al., 2009)
Russia	Epoxyocimenes (22.1%), sabinene (9.3%) (Orav et al., 2006); myrcene (35.0%), α-pinene (6.0%) and nerol (3.0%) (Goraev et al., 1962)
Scotland	Sabinene (30.1%), myrcene (18.0%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Serbia and Montenegro	β-Thujone (19.8–63.4%), cis-β-epoxyocimene (10.7%), trans-sabinyl acetate (8.8–15.5%), linalyl 3-methylbutanoate (7.5–12.5%), geranyl 3-methylbutanoate (4.0–12.9%) (Blagojevica et al., 2006)
Spain	cis-Epoxyocimene (76.3–39.9%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (33.4%) (Arino et al., 1999a,b); 1,8-cineole (18.0%), carvone (18.5%), thymol (10.8%) and carvacrol (9.7%), β-(6.2%) (Orav et al., 2006)
Turkey	Chamazulene (17.8%), nuciferyl butyrate (8.2%) and propionate (5.1%) (Kordali et al., 2005)
USA	trans-Thujone (33.1%) and cis-sabinyl acetate (32.8%) (Tucker et al., 1993)

Table 2. Chemical composition of the essential oil of A. absinthium.

Compound	RI^a	RI^b	%^a	%^b
Tricyclene	932	1014	0.7	0.5
α-Thujene	937	1084	0.3	0.2
α-Pinene	943	1021	0.4	0.3
Camphene	957	1052	1.8	2.1
Thuja-2,4(10)-diene	960	1145	0.5	0.3
β-Pinene	985	1124	1.1	1.0
α-Terpinene	1022	1131	0.5	0.7
p-Cymene	1030	1242	0.4	0.6
Limonene	1036	1165	1.6	1.3
1,8-Cineole	1139	1175	1.3	1.9
(E)-β-Ocimene	1058	1195	3.5	2.9
γ-Terpinene	1065	1195	0.8	0.5
cis-Sabinene hydrate	1073	1461	0.3	0.9
Terpinolene	1092	1258	0.7	0.5
Linalool	1105	1563	0.4	0.7
cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol	1129	1581	0.3	0.2
Camphor	1150	1541	2.9	2.3
β-Pinene oxide	1163	1942	0.9	1.3
Pinocarvone	1170	2156	1.1	1.2
Borneol	1073	1744	18.7	16.7
Terpinen-4-ol	1181	1656	2.8	2.5
cis-Pinocarveol	1189	1693	1.4	1.4
α-Terpineol	1193	1736	0.6	0.5
Myrtenol	1199	1718	1.0	0.8
trans-Piperitol	1213	1788	1.0	1.2
(Z)-Ocimenone	1240	1901	1.2	1.5
Cumin aldehyde	1249	1832	1.6	1.3
Piperitone	1258	1782	0.7	0.5
Perilla aldehyde	1279	1845	2.1	2.7
Isobornyl acetate	1293	1605	4.0	4.7
Thymol	1295	2225	1.7	1.4
Carvacrol	1304	2252	0.6	0.8
6-Hydroxycarvotanacetone	1311	1796	t	0.1
Eugenol	1361	2217	t	t
Cyclosativene	1379	1454	0.3	0.5
β-Cubebene	1393	1499	t	t
Cyperene	1407	1545	0.3	0.1
α-Gurjunene	1416	1552	0.2	0.1
β-Caryophyllene	1426	1627	0.1	0.3
β-Gurjunene	1441	1532	3.8	4.4
α-Humulene	1457	1710	0.3	0.5
Seychellene	1468	1661	0.5	0.2
γ-Gurjunene	1479	1618	0.7	0.6
γ-Curcumene	1488	1725	0.4	0.1
Germacrene D	1493	1760	0.1	0.2
ar-Curcumene	1491	1817	0.4	0.6
β-Selinene	1493	1766	0.2	0.1
cis-β-Guaiene	1499	1575	0.7	0.9
epi-Cubenol	1506	1939	1.1	0.9
Bicyclogermacrene	1507	1672	0.9	0.7
α-Muurolene	1504	1753	0.5	0.3
δ-Cadinene	1533	1802	0.4	0.5
β-Vetivenene	1533	–	0.9	–
6,11-oxido-Acor-4-ene	1539	1918	0.1	t
α-Calacorene	1545	1961	0.4	0.3
β-Calacorene	1571	1975	0.2	0.6
Germacrene-D-4-ol	1583	2103	0.6	0.5
Caryophyllene oxide	1589	2049	3.7	4.3
Guaiol	1612	2137	0.6	0.2
Cubenol	1652	1993	1.9	2.8
α-Muurolol	1658	2230	0.6	0.1
β-Eudesmol	1661	2274	0.4	0.1
α-Cadinol	1666	2240	2.6	2.8
Methyl hinokiate	1714	2354	11.9	12.9
Total identified			91.7%	90.1%
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			12.3%	10.2%
Oxygenated monoterpenes			39.7%	41.1%
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			11.3%	10.7%
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes			23.5%	24.6%
Phenyl derivatives			3.9%	3.5%

t: trace (<0.1%).

^aCP Sil-8-CB (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film thickness) column.

^bBP 21 (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film thickness) column.

Table 3. Antimicrobial activity (MIC values µg/mL) of the essential oil of A. absinthium.

	MIC mean ± SEM (µg/mL)
Microbial strains	A. absinthium	Erythromycin	Amikacin	Amphotericin B
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus	NA	2 ± 1	NT	NT
Staphylococcus epidermidis	238 ± 36	2 ± 1	NT	NT
Micrococcus flavus	58 ± 8	2 ± 1	NT	NT
Micrococcus luteus	25 ± 4	1 ± 1	NT	NT
Bacillus subtilis	65 ± 8	1 ± 1	NT	NT
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli	NA	NT	9 ± 4	NT
Klebsiella pneumoniae	NA	NT	5 ± 2	NT
Serratia marcescens	NA	NT	5 ± 3	NT
Proteus vulgaris	NA	NT	5 ± 3	NT
Proteus mirabilis	NA	NT	2 ± 1	NT
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	NA	NT	4 ± 3	NT
Salmonella typhimurium	NA	NT	2 ± 2	NT
Enterobacter aerogenes	NA	NT	9 ± 4	NT
Fungi
Aspergillus niger	183 ± 27	NT	NT	1 ± 1
Aspergillus fumigatus	91 ± 13	NT	NT	1 ± 1
Penicillium chrysogenum	84 ± 15	NT	NT	1 ± 1

Values are mean ± standard deviation of six experiments in replicate. NT: Not tested. NA: Not active.

Orav A, Raal A, Arak E, Muurisepp M, Kailas T. (2006). Composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. of different geographical origin. Proc Estonian Acad Sci Chem 55:155–65

 Google Scholar

Lopes-Lutz D, Alviano DS, Alviano CS, Kolodziejczyk PP. (2008). Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry 69:1732–8

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pino JA, Rosado A, Fuentes V. (1997). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from Cuba. J Essent Oil Res 9:87–9

 Google Scholar

Aboutabl EA, El Azzouny AM, El Dahmy SI. (1998). Constituents of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium grown in Egypt. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 1:82–6

 Google Scholar

Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. (2011). In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of essential oils of Artemisia absinthium and Echinops kebericho. Chem Biodivers 8:614–23

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Carnat AP, Madesclaire M, Chavignon O, Lamaison JL. (1992). cis-Chrysanthenol, a main component in the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. growing in Auvergne (Massif Central), France. J Essent Oil Res 4:487–90

 Google Scholar

Juteau F, Jerkovic I, Masotti V, et al. (2003). Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium from Croatia and France. Planta Med 69:158–61

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Basta A, Tzakou O, Couladis M, Pavlovic M. (2007). Chemical composition of Artemisia absinthium L. from Greece. J Essent Oil Res 19:316–19

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kaul VK, Nigam SS, Banerjee AK. (1979). Thin layer and gas chromatographic studies of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium Linn. Indian Perfum 23:1–7

 Google Scholar

Rahimizadeh M, Hassanzadeh MK, Danesh NM. (2001). Analysis of Iranian Artemisia absinthium L. essential oil. ACGC Chem Res Commun 13:33–6

 Google Scholar

Sefidkon F, Jalili A, Rabie M, et al. (2003). Chemical composition of the essential oil of five Artemisia species from Iran. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 6:41–5

 Google Scholar

Rezaeinodehi A, Khangholi, S. (2008). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing wild in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci, 11:946–9

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Judzentiene A, Tomi F, Casanova J. (2009). Analysis of essential oils of Artemisia absinthium L. from Lithuania by CC, GC (RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. Nat Prod Commun 4:1113–18

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Derwich E, Benziane Z, Boukir A. (2009). Chemical compositions and insecticidal activity of essential oils of three plants Artemisia sp: Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia pontica (morocco). Elec J Env Agric Food Chem 8:1202–11

 Google Scholar

Goraev MI, Bazalitskaya US, Lishtvanova LN. (1962). The terpene portion of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium. Z Naturforsch 35:2799–802

 Google Scholar

Blagojevica P, Radulovica N, Palica R, Stojanovica G. (2006). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Serbian wild-growing Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem 54:4780–9

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Arino A, Arberas I, Renobales G, et al. (1999a). Essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. from the Spanish Pyrenees. J Essent Oil Res 11:182–4

 Google Scholar

Arino A, Arberas I, Renobales G, Dominguez JB. (1999b). Influence of extraction method and storage conditions on the volatile oil of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.). Eur Food Res Technol 209:126–9

 Google Scholar

Kordali S, Cakir A, Mavi A, et al. (2005). Screening of chemical composition and antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from three Turkish Artemisia species. J Agri Food Chem 53:1408–16

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tucker O, Maciarello MJ, Sturtz G. (1993). The essential oils of Artemisia “Powis Castle” and its putative parents, A. absinthium and A. arborescens. J Essent Oil Res 5:239–42

 Google Scholar