In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extracts, rosmarinic acid and its acetyl ester derivative

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chemical structures of RA (1) and RAD (2).

Table 1. Effects of control (saline 0.9%), Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extracts (AE), indomethacin (10 mg kg⁻¹), RA and acetyl ester derivative (RAD) on acetic acid-induced writhing.

Treatment	Dose (mg kg^−^1)	Number of writhings	Inhibition (%)
Control	–	59.50 ± 1.67	–
Indomethacin	10	25.33 ± 1.90***	57.43
AEL	100	42.50 ± 6.02	28.57
AEL	200	43.00 ± 5.72	27.73
AEL	400	55.17 ± 0.91	7.28
AES	100	47.33 ± 4.14	20.45
AES	200	41.50 ± 3.78	30.25
AES	400	37.33 ± 4.03	37.26
RA	10	36.67 ± 7.24	38.37
RA	20	36.83 ± 6.77	38.10
RA	40	37.50 ± 0.22	36.97
RAD	10	37.67 ± 8.80	36.69
RAD	20	32.50 ± 3.84*	45.38
RAD	40	30.00 ± 5.66**	49.58

Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6). AEL: aqueous extract of the leaves; AES: aqueous extract of the stem.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 were considered significant compared with the control (analysis of variance and critical differences of the means were evaluated by the Tukey test).

Table 2. Effects of control (saline 0.9%), indomethacin, RA, and RA acetyl ester derivative (RAD) on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.

Treatment	Dose (mg kg^−^1)	Volume of paw oedema (mL)	Inhibition (%)
Control	–	0.52 ± 0.06	–
Indomethacin	10	0.24 ± 0.11*	53.85
RA	10	0.31 ± 0.02	40.38
RA	20	0.28 ± 0.03	46.15
RA	40	0.20 ± 0.05**	61.54
RAD	10	0.23 ± 0.05*	55.77
RAD	20	0.19 ± 0.04**	63.46
RAD	40	0.15 ± 0.04***	71.15

Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6).

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 were considered significant compared with the control (analysis of variance and critical differences of the means were evaluated by the Tukey test).

Table 3. Effects of control (saline 0.9%), morphine, RA and RA acetyl ester derivative (RAD) on formalin-induced pain.

		0–5 min		15–30 min
Treatment	Dose (mg kg^−^1)	Seconds	Inhibition %	Seconds	Inhibition %
Control	–	93.96 ± 23.1	–	272.08 ± 59.7	–
Morphine	4	29.40 ± 11.6***	68.7	120.17 ± 56.0***	55.8
RA	10	82.06 ± 31.2	12.7	179.72 ± 26.6	33.9
RA	20	83.64 ± 29.0	11.0	167.99 ± 82.7*	38.3
RA	40	96.27 ± 32.6	–	198.55 ± 18.3	27.0
RAD	10	80.26 ± 18.0	14.6	199.01 ± 66.9	26.9
RAD	20	85.57 ± 28.5	8.9	138.41 ± 73.2**	49.1
RAD	40	61.99 ± 6.1	34.0	135.13 ± 45.2**	50.3

Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6).

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 were considered significant compared with the control (analysis of variance and critical differences of the means were evaluated by the Tukey test).