Cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of nine species of woundwort (Stachys) plants

Figures & data

Table 1. Location of collection and herbarium number of Stachys species investigated in this study.

Plant name	Location	Herbarium number	Date
St. acerosa Boiss.	Fars province: Dashte Arjan.	PC-88-14	2008
St. benthamiana Boiss.	Fars province: Sepidan, Chelegah.	PC-88-12	2008
St. byzantina K. Koch	Gilan province: Asalem to Khalkhal.	PC-88-16	2008
St. lavandulifolia Vahl.	Hamadan province: Avaj to Razan.	PC-88-13	2008
St. obtusicrena Boiss.	Kohgiluyeh province: Dena Mt., Gardaneh Bijan.	PC-88-15	2008
St. persica S.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey.	Gilan province: Asalem to Khalkhal.	PC-88-9	2008
St. pilifera Benth.	Fars province: Sepidan to Margoon waterfall.	PC-88-17	2008
St. pubescens Ten.	East Azarbayjan province: Kaleybar.	PC-88-11	2008
St. spectabilis Choisy ex DC.	Fars province: Sepidan, Chelegah.	PC-88-10	2008

Table 2. Cytotoxicity of different extracts of Stachys species in human cancer cell lines.

		IC50 (µg/ml)
Plant	Extraction solvent	HL-60 cells	K562 cells	MCF-7 cells
St. acerosa	Dichloromethane	NA	65.3 ± 3.2^bc	160.3 ± 20.4^e
	Methanol	102.8 ± 22.7^abc*	56.1 ± 3.1^b	NA
	Methanol 80%	NA	67.8 ± 11.9^bc	NA
St. benthamiana	Dichloromethane	NA	NA	71.1 ± 19.1^ab
	Methanol	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol 80%	114.2 ± 4.2^bc	107.8 ± 16.9^d	162.4 ± 15.6^e
St. byzantina	Dichloromethane	62.7 ± 14.6^ab	66.9 ± 4.9^bc	131.0 ± 46.0^bcde
	Methanol	NA	78.0 ± 6.5^bc	NA
	Methanol 80%	NA	NA	NA
St. lavandulifolia	Dichloromethane	142.1 ± 57.4^c	NA	81.2 ± 9.5^abc
	Methanol	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol 80%	113.6 ± 12.0^bc	NA	151.7 ± 35.9^de
St. obtusicerna	Dichloromethane	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol 80%	NA	169.6 ± 21.9^e	NA
St. persica	Dichloromethane	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol 80%	62.1 ± 8.3^ab	64.7 ± 11.9^bc	104.1 ± 22.5^bcde
St. pilifera	Dichloromethane	48.2 ± 2.9^a	33.1 ± 4.8^a	40.9 ± 1.3^a
	Methanol	NA	90.1 ± 7.9^cd	NA
	Methanol 80%	NA	NA	NA
St. pubescens	Dichloromethane	NA	NA	103.3 ± 16.5^bcd
	Methanol	107.9 ± 3.5^bc	111.4 ± 1.5^d	146.5 ± 20.0^cde
	Methanol 80%	113.1 ± 10.4^bc	108.0 ± 3.5^d	NA
St. spectabilis	Dichloromethane	NA	99.6 ± 15.3^d	65.2 ± 20.8^ab
	Methanol	NA	NA	NA
	Methanol 80%	NA	NA	NA
Cisplatin		0.24 ± 0.03	0.63 ± 0.07	2.07 ± 0.60

Values are presented as mean ± S.E.M. of 3–5 experiments. Cisplatin was tested as a reference cytotoxic compound. Methanol 80% consisted of 80% methanol in water. NA: not active at tested concentrations (IC₅₀ more than 200 µg/ml).

*Values in a column with no alphabetical letters in common have a statistically significant difference.

Table 3. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of Stachys species.

Plant name	DPPH IC50 (µg/ml)*	Total phenolic content (mg EG/g)**
St. acerosa	164.7 ± 4.7^ab***	18.6 ± 0.7^cd
St. benthamiana	290.6 ± 3.7^d	17.6 ± 0.5^c
St. byzantina	135.1 ± 4.5^a	23.9 ± 0.8^e
St. lavandulifolia	162.6 ± 0.9^ab	18.2 ± 0.7^cd
St. obtusicrena	169.4 ± 3.3^b	20.4 ± 0.5^d
St. persica	172.4 ± 5.7^b	27.8 ± 1.0^f
St. pilifera	214.1 ± 1.1^c	25.0 ± 1.0^e
St. pubescens	374.3 ± 10.7^e	13.7 ± 0.7^b
St. spectabilis	454.4 ± 26.8^f	10.6 ± 0.8^a
Quercetin	1.79 ± 0.046	–

Values are presented as mean ± S.E.M. of 4 experiments.

*µg extracted plant/ml 10⁻⁴M DPPH.

**mg equivalent gallic acid/1 g dry plant.

***Values in a column with no alphabetical letters in common have a statistically significant difference.

Table 4. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Stachys species measured by nutrient-broth micro-dilution bioassay.

	Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml)
Plant name	Escherichia coli	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Salmonella typhi	Bacillus subtilis	Staphylococcus epidermidis	Staphylococcus aureus
St. acerosa	NA	NA	10	NA	10	10
St. benthamiana	NA	2.5	1.25	NA	2.5	NA
St. byzantina	2.5	5	2.5	5	10	5
St. lavandulifolia	10	NA	NA	5	NA	NA
St. obtusicrena	2.5	NA	NA	5	NA	NA
St. persica	5	2.5	1.25	5	5	2.5
St. pilifera	NA	5	NA	NA	2.5	2.5
St. pubescens	5	NA	1.25	2.5	5	NA
St. spectabilis	5	5	2.5	2.5	NA	5
Chloramphenicol	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.0125	0.025	0.0125

Minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts was measured by nutrient broth micro-dilution (NBMD) assay and expressed as mg/ml. NA: not active.