Biochemical efficacy of vitamin D in ameliorating endocrine and metabolic disorders in diabetic rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of Vit D on FPG, FPI, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and β-cell function in T1D and T2D.

Groups	FPG (mmol/L)	FPI (mU/L)	ISOGTT index	HOMA-IR	IGI/IR
Placebo	4.86 ± 0.87d	10.80 ± 1.46a	161.29 ± 4.45a	2.30 ± 0.32cd	0.733 ± 0.26ab
STZ	13.56 ± 1.65a	4.39 ± 0.27d	149.47 ± 3.76b	2.58 ± 0.26bc	0.269 ± 0.08d
HFD + STZ	11.94 ± 1.54ab	8.73 ± 1.34b	80.11 ± 3.81d	4.64 ± 0.43 a	0.675 ± 0.19b
STZ + Vit D	8.83 ± 1.23c	6.35 ± 1.78c	159.48 ± 4.12a	2.49 ± 0.28bc	0.354 ± 0.11c
HFD + STZ + Vit D	7.99 ± 1.41c	8.22 ± 1.22b	131.40 ± 3.57c	3.10 ± 0.38b	0.761 ± 0.21a

Means within the same column carrying different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

STZ: streptozotocin, HFD: high fat diet, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, FPI: fasting plasma insulin, IS_OGTT: insulin sensitivity index, HOMA-IR: insulin resistance index, IGI/IR: β-cell function index.

Table 2. Effect of Vit D on plasma glucose during OGTT in T1D and T2D.

Groups	0′(min)	30′(min)	60′(min)	90′(min)	120′(min)
Placebo	4.86 ± 0.87d	6.10 ± 1.15e	7.15 ± 1.31e	5.99 ± 0.46e	5.05 ± 0.86e
STZ	13.56 ± 1.65a	15.09 ± 2.33a	17.81 ± 2.14b	17.34 ± 2.29a	16.92 ± 2.20a
HFD + STZ	11.94 ± 1.54ab	12.54 ± 1.17b	19.81 ± 2.67a	15.42 ± 2.72b	12.93 ± 2.47b
STZ + Vit D	8.83 ± 1.23c	10.54 ± 1.56c	11.48 ± 2.33cd	11.13 ± 2.83c	9.15 ± 1.65c
HFD + STZ + Vit D	7.99 ± 1.41c	8. 71 ± 1.48d	12.43 ± 1.68c	10.98 ± 1.91cd	8.90 ± 1.44cd

Means within the same column carrying different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.

Table 3. Effect of Vit D on plasma insulin levels during OGTT in T1D and T2D.

Groups	0′(min)	30′(min)	60′(min)	90′(min)	120′(min)
Placebo	10.80 ± 1.46a	12.93 ± 1.26a	13.40 ± 1.33a	15.73 ± 1.29a	11.56 ± 1.63a
STZ	4.39 ± 0.27d	5.48 ± 0.45e	5.57 ± 0.36e	4.69 ± 0.45e	4.41 ± 0.39d
HFD + STZ	8.73 ± 1.34b	10.61 ± 1.25b	11.81 ± 1.34b	10.92 ± 1.64b	8.83 ± 1.85b
STZ + Vit D	6.35 ± 1.78c	7.87 ± 1.45d	7.95 ± 1.63d	6.87 ± 1.68d	6.795 ± 1.97c
HFD + STZ + Vit D	8.22 ± 1.22b	9.92 ± 1.48bc	9.86 ± 1.56c	9.53 ± 1.47bc	8.87 ± 1.27b

Means within the same column carrying different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.

Table 4. Effect of Vit D on NEFA, BHBA, Ca, IL-6 and HbA1c% in T1D and T2D.

Groups	NEFA (mmol/L)	BHBA (µmol/L)	Ca (mmol/L)	IL-6 (pg/ml)	HbA1c (%)
Placebo	0.403 ± 0.12de	3.97 ± 0.27d	2.56 ± 0.11ab	2.66 ± 0.37de	4.633 ± 0.143e
STZ	1.438 ± 0. 37a	14.72 ± 0.75a	1.98 ± 0.09cd	4.28 ± 0.80a	7.857 ± 0.763a
HFD + STZ	0.591 ± 0.16c	6.38 ± 0.27c	2.31 ± 0.16bc	3.91 ± 0.38ab	6.739 ± 0.583b
STZ + Vit D	0.906 ± 0.23b	10.35 ± 0.89b	2.58 ± 0.13ab	3.68 ± 0.41bc	6.598 ± 0.546bc
HFD + STZ + Vit D	0.457 ± 0.18d	4.12 ± 0.32d	2.86 ± 0.28a	2.81 ± 0.37d	5.648 ± 0.143d

Means within the same column carrying different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

NEFA: nonesterified fatty acid, BHBA: β-hydroxyl butyric acid, Ca: calcium, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin.