Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extracts against CCl₄-induced liver injury in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison activities of fractions from column chromatography by DPPH and ABTS bioassays. Each value is expressed as ± SEM, n = 3, p < 0.05 compared to positive control.

Figure 2. Total phenolic content of leaf extracts of S. xanthocarpum expressed as µg/ml of gallic acid equivalence (GAE). Values are expressed as ± SEM, n = 3, p < 0.05.

Figure 3. DPPH radical scavenging of various solvent extracts from S. xanthocarpum. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. Results are expressed as percentage of the control. Each value is expressed as ± SEM, n = 3, p < 0.05 compared to positive control.

Figure 4. Scavenging of ABTS^• radical by S. xanthocarpum leaves extract. Values are expressed as ±SEM, n = 3, p < 0.05.

Figure 5. Reducing the power of S. xanthocarpum extracts based on the measurement of Fe⁺³–Fe⁺² transformation. Each value is expressed as ± SEM, n = 3, p < 0.05.

Figure 6. Effects of S. xanthocarpum active fraction (SXAF) on serum enzymes in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Group I – control; Group II – CCl₄; Group III – SXAF 100 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄; Group IV – SXAF 200 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄; Group V – Silymarin 25 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase. Each bar represents the mean ± SE, n = 6; bars with different alphabets differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (DMRT).

Figure 7. Effects of SXAF on the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation in CCl₄-exposed rats. The values are means ± SEM (n = 5), bars with different letters differ significantly at p < 0.05 by DMRT.

Table 1. Treatments – I: control; II: CCl₄; III: SXAF (100 mg/kg) + CCl₄ (1 ml/kg); IV: SXAF (200 mg/kg) + CCl₄ (1 ml/kg); V: Silymarin (25 mg/kg) + CCl₄ (1 ml/kg).

Group	SOD	CAT	GSH	GST
Group I	2.24 ± 0.18^a	33.42 ± 1.43^b	8.6 ± 0.52^a	234.52 ± 12.31^a
Group II	0.32 ± 0.043^d	29.84 ± 1.57^c	4.42 ± 0.47^d	194.36 ± 11.58^d
Group III	0.87 ± 0.062^c	30.75 ± 2.34^c	6.83 ± 0.37^c	225.64 ± 13.45^c
Group IV	1.78 ± 0.13^b	34.63 ± 1.98^b	8.23 ± 0.48^b	231.64 ± 14.28^b
Group V	2.42 ± 0.21^a	36.55 ± 2.12^a	8.92 ± 0.32^a	238.72 ± 11.34^a

Data are expressed as means ± SE with different suffix letters differ significantly (p < 0.05, n=6). Values are expressed as SOD, superoxide dismutase (unit/min/mg protein); CAT, catalase (µmole H₂O₂/min/mg protein); GSH, glutathione (μg/mg protein); GST, glutathione S-transferase (µmole CDNB conjugate/min/mg protein).

Figure 8. Effect of SXAF on the histological morphology of rat liver by hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, magnification, ×400. (A) Normal control, (B) CCl₄ control, (C) SXAF 100 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄, (D) SXAF 200 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄, and (E) silymarin 25 mg/kg b.w. + CCl₄.