Figures & data
Table 1. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced alterations of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in rats.
Table 2. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced alterations of lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD activity and NO level measured in rats livers.
Figure 1. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced alterations of reduced glutathione (GSH) (A), glutathione reductase (GR) (B), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (C) measured in rats livers. Group I: treated with vehicle; group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 10) in each group. (a) Significantly different from group I at p < 0.001. (b) Significantly different from group II at p < 0.05. (c) Significantly different from group III at p < 0.001. (d) Significantly different from group IV at p < 0.05.
![Figure 1. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced alterations of reduced glutathione (GSH) (A), glutathione reductase (GR) (B), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (C) measured in rats livers. Group I: treated with vehicle; group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 10) in each group. (a) Significantly different from group I at p < 0.001. (b) Significantly different from group II at p < 0.05. (c) Significantly different from group III at p < 0.001. (d) Significantly different from group IV at p < 0.05.](/cms/asset/cebd1d29-d743-4bb5-8592-1a060649d324/iphb_a_913066_f0001_b.jpg)
Figure 2. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced DNA damage assessed by the comet assay in rats livers. Group I: treated with vehicle; group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 6) in each group. (a) Significantly different from group I at p < 0.05. (b) Significantly different from group II at p < 0.05. (c) Significantly different from group III at p < 0.05. (d) Significantly different from group IV at p < 0.01.
![Figure 2. Effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on paracetamol-induced DNA damage assessed by the comet assay in rats livers. Group I: treated with vehicle; group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 6) in each group. (a) Significantly different from group I at p < 0.05. (b) Significantly different from group II at p < 0.05. (c) Significantly different from group III at p < 0.05. (d) Significantly different from group IV at p < 0.01.](/cms/asset/d6db2ec5-16d1-4456-947b-5a1390550f6f/iphb_a_913066_f0002_b.jpg)
Figure 3. Hematoxilin- and eosin-stained sections showing the effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on histological liver changes induced by paracetamol. Original magnification, ×40. (A) Group I: treated with vehicle; (B) group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); (C) group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; (D) group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); (E) group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). cv, central vein; h, hepatocytes; d, degeneration; n, necrosis; s, sinusoids.
![Figure 3. Hematoxilin- and eosin-stained sections showing the effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on histological liver changes induced by paracetamol. Original magnification, ×40. (A) Group I: treated with vehicle; (B) group II: treated with saline + 10% Tween 80 orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); (C) group III: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d; (D) group IV: treated with 1.5 g/kg of ALE orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally); (E) group V: treated with 100 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) orally for 14 d followed by paracetamol (2 g/kg, orally). cv, central vein; h, hepatocytes; d, degeneration; n, necrosis; s, sinusoids.](/cms/asset/8cdbd1d0-5ab4-4021-8511-5ef2903befbf/iphb_a_913066_f0003_c.jpg)