Chemical composition and evaluation of acute toxicological, antimicrobial and modulatory resistance of the extract of Murraya paniculata

Figures & data

Table 1. Antibiotic resistance profile of clinically isolated bacterial strains used.

Clinically isolated bacterial strain	Origin	Resistance profile
E. coli EC27	Surgical wound	Azt, Ax, Amp, Ami, Amox, Ca, Cfc, Cf, Caz, Cip, Clo, Im, Kan, Szt, Tet, Tob
S. aureus SA358	Surgical wound	Oxa, Gen, Tob, Ami, Can, Neo, Paro, But, Sis, Net

Azt, Aztreonam; Ax, Amoxicillin; Amp, Ampicillin; Ami, Amikacin; Amox, Amoxicillin; Ca, Cefadroxil; Cfc, Cefaclor; Cf, Cephalothin; Caz, Ceftazidime, Cip, Ciprofloxacin; Clo, Chloramphenicol; Im, Imipenem; Kan, Kanamycin; Szt, Sulfametrim, Tet, Tetracycline; Tob, Tobramycin; Oxa, Oxacillin; Gen, Gentamicin; Neo, Neomycin; Paro, Paromomycin; But, Butirosin; Sis, Sisomicin; Net, Netilmicin.

Table 2. MIC values (μg/mL) of aminoglycosides in the absence and presence of 64 μg/mL EEMp.

	EC25922		EC27		SA12692		SA358
Antibiotic	MIC	MIC combined	MIC	MIC combined	MIC	MIC combined	MIC	MIC combined
Amikacin	1250	18.5 (S)	312.5	19.5 (S)	19.5	4.9 (S)	39.1	2.4 (S)
Gentamicin	625	4.9 (S)	78.1	4.9 (S)	4.9	1.2 (S)	4.9	1.2 (S)
Kanamycin	1250	156.3 (S)	312.5	312.5	19.5	2.4 (S)	39.1	4.9 (S)
Neomycin	625	39.1 (S)	312.5	78.1 (S)	78.1	19.5 (S)	19.5	1.2 (S)

EC25922, E. coli ATCC25922; EC27, E. coli 27; SA12692, S. aureus ATCC12692; SA358, S. aureus 358, MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; S, synergism.

Figure 1. High performance liquid chromatography showing phenolic and flavonoid profile of Murraya paniculata. Gallic acid (peak 1), catechin (peak 2), chlorogenic acid (peak 3), caffeic acid (peak 4), ellagic acid (peak 5), epicatechin (peak 6), rutin (peak 7), quercitrin (peak 8), quercetin (peak 9), and kaempferol (peak 10).

Table 3. Phenolic and flavonoid composition of Murraya paniculata.

	M. paniculata		LOQ	LOD
Compound	mg/g	%	µg/mL	µg/mL
Gallic acid	5.91 ± 0.02^a	0.59	0.014	0.047
Catechin	1.83 ± 0.01^b	0.18	0.032	0.105
Chlorogenic acid	9.56 ± 0.03^c	0.95	0.005	0.016
Caffeic acid	6.70 ± 0.02^d	0.67	0.027	0.089
Ellagic acid	13.41 ± 0.01^e	1.34	0.026	0.085
Epicatechin	1.92 ± 0.03^b	0.19	0.039	0.128
Rutin	5.37 ± 0.04^a	0.53	0.011	0.034
Quercitrin	9.82 ± 0.01^c	0.98	0.016	0.051
Quercetin	9.15 ± 0.02^c	0.91	0.023	0.079
Kaempferol	3.29 ± 0.01^f	0.32	0.009	0.027

Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. of three determinations. Averages followed by different letters differ by the Tukey test at p < 0.001.

Table 4. Effect of EEMp 5000 and 2000 mg/kg on hematological parameters in female/male Wistar rats treated orally.

Cell	Control	5000 mg/kg	2000 mg/kg
Erythrocytes (10^6/μL)	5.83 ± 0.33	5.64 ± 0.13	5.57 ± 0.32
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.69 ± 0.59	12.88 ± 0.22	13.19 ± 0.46
Hematocrit (%)	31.72 ± 2.16	29.91 ± 0.77	31.67 ± 1.72
Lymphocytes	76.63 ± 3.22	73.13 ± 4.45	80.88 ± 3.10
Neutrophils	19.75 ± 2.96	23.38 ± 4.38	15.88 ± 2.97
Monocytes	2.5 ± 0.27	2 ± 0.27	2.25 ± 0.31
Eosinophils	1.13 ± 0.35	1.38 ± 0.32	1.25 ± 0.31

Values represent the mean ± S.E.M (n = 7–10/group).

Table 5. Effect on biochemical parameters after 14 d of oral administration of M. paniculata extract at 5000 and 2000 mg/kg.

	Control	5000 mg/kg	2000 mg/kg
Glucose	165.12 ± 12.39	215.06 ± 17.38***	193.28 ± 7.71*
Urea	57.20 ± 1.83	56.16 ± 2.65	55.86 ± 3.02
SGPT	44.42 ± 7.39	46.44 ± 3.10	32.88 ± 2.33
SGOT	50.65 ± 2.32	67.79 ± 8.38	71.07 ± 6.39
Creatinine	0.49 ± 0.09	0.51 ± 0.09	0.54 ± 0.07
Triglycerides	132.71 ± 7.61	75.30 ± 10.84***	96.78 ± 7.50**
Cholesterol	56.69 ± 2.07	42.92 ± 0.84	46.31 ± 2.83

SGOT = glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, SGPT = glutamic pyruvic transaminase. *p > 0.05; **p > 0.01 and ***p > 0.001.

Table 6. Effect of EEMp (5000 and 2000 mg/kg) by oral route on absolute (g) and relative organ weight (g/100 g of body weight) in male/female Wistar rats treated orally.

Organ	Control	2000 mg/kg	5000 mg/kg
Spleen	0.47 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.05	0.48 ± 0.04
Heart	0.98 ± 0.06	1.00 ± 0.06	0.83 ± 0.05
Liver	8.41 ± 0.80	7.58 ± 0.65***	7.47 ± 0.27***
Right lung	1.10 ± 0.09	1.08 ± 0.04	1.08 ± 0.07
Left lung	0.61 ± 0.06	0.71 ± 0.05	0.62 ± 0.03
Right kidney	1.05 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.09	0.83 ± 0.04
Left kidney	0.94 ± 0.08	0.87 ± 0.09	0.76 ± 0.05

***p > 0.001.

Table 7. MIC values (μg/mL) of Murraya paniculata extract.

Extract	EC25922	PV13315	PA15442	SF12022	SA12692	EC27	SA358
MIC	≥1024	≥1024	≥1024	≥1024	≥1024	≥1024	512

EC25922, E. coli ATCC25922; PV13315, P. vulgaris ATCC13315; PA15442, P. aeruginosa ATCC15442; SF12022, S. flexneri ATCC12022; SA12692, S. aureus ATCC12692; EC27, E. coli 27; SA358 S. aureus 358 (SA358); MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration.