Potent anti-proliferative effects against oral and cervical cancers of Thai medicinal plants selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database “MANOSROI III”

Figures & data

Table 1. The botanical names, local names, parts use, traditional uses, and yields of the 23 medicinal plants selected from the Thai/Lannna medicinal plant recipe database “MANOSROI III”.

Botanical names	Families	Local names	Parts use	Traditional uses	Yields (% w/w)	Voucher specimen no.
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl	Acanthaceae	Ngueak Pla Moh	Stem	Anti-inflammatory, laxative, longevity, and skin diseases	11.50	MANOSROI#033
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.	Rutaceae	Ma Toom	Fruit	Anticancer, appetite enhancer, diarrhea, fever, hypochondriasis, and melancholia	43.88	MANOSROI#034
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.	Leguminosae-Mimosoideae	Kang Luang	Wood	Ingredient of recipe for cancer, urine disorder, and hemorrhoid	5.79	MANOSROI#021
Caesalpinia sappan L.	Caesalpiniaceae	Nam Khong, Fang	Wood	Antihypercholesteremic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulation, and improvement of blood circulation	14.23	MANOSROI#022
Cassia fistula L.	Leguminosae	Ratcha Phruek	Wood	Diabetes, hematemesis, prunitus, recipe for cancer, and leucoderma	6.71	MANOSROI#012
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.	Menispermaceae	Kamphaeng Ched Chan	Wood	Analgesic, antidote, antimalarial, antipyretic, diuretic, dye producing, and dysentery	7.04	MANOSROI#035
Gloriosa superba L.	Cochinaceae	Dong Dueng	Root	Anthelmintic, anticancer, antimalarial, colic, recipe for cancer, and gout	7.92	MANOSROI#036
Hydnophytum formicarum Jack	Rubiaceae	Hua Roi Ru	Bulb	Anti-inflammatory, chest pains, diarrhea, heart problems, hepatitis, rheumatism, recipe for cancer, and diabetes	17.06	MANOSROI#037
Nymphoides indica Ktze. = Nymphoides indicum Ktze.	Gentianaceae	Tab Tao Yai	Wood	Antidote and treatment for side effect by snake bite	8.37	MANOSROI#025
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne	Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae	San Ngoen	Wood	Dye producing and wound treatment	10.52	MANOSROI#023
Polyalthia debilis Pierre Finet et Gagnep.	Annonaceae	Kluay Tao, Tab Tao	Wood	Abdominal pain, tuberculosis, febrifuge, and galactogogue	5.96	MANOSROI#024
Pouzolzia pentandra Benn.	Urticaceae	Kob Cha Nang Dang	Leaf	Anticancer, dermatological and urological disease, and malignancy	5.54	MANOSROI#045
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.	Leguminosae-Papilionoideae	Thua Phu	Rhizome	Recipe for cancer, flatulence, mouth ulcer, and sore throat	10.07	MANOSROI#003
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz	Acanthaceae	Thong Phan Chang	Whole	Anticancer, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, detoxicant, and skin disorder	8.61	MANOSROI#038
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.	Legumnosae-Caesalpinioideae	Chumhet Thet	Root	Asthma bronchiale, astringent, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, laxative, skin disease, recipe for laxative, antiworm, antihelmintic, kidney, and liver disorders	21.52	MANOSROI#030
Sida rhombifolia L.	Malvaceae	Ya Khat, Khat Mon	Root	Abscess, acne, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, diuretic, fever, gonorrhea, hemorrhoid, nutritive, tonic, and rheumatism	7.68	MANOSROI#020
Smilax glabra Wall ex Roxb.	Smilaceae	Khao Yen Tai	Bulb	Antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, arthritis, dysentery, hepatitis, leptospirosis, mercury poisoning, nephritis, rheumatoid, syphilis, and recipe for antibacterial and antivirus	17.05	MANOSROI#039
Smilax corbularia Kunth	Smilaceae	Khao Yen Nuea	Bulb	Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome, anti-inflammatory, arthritis, and diabetes	17.22	MANOSROI#040
Stemona collinsae Craib	Stemonaceae	Non Tai Yak	Stem	Bronchitis, insect pests, pulmonary tuberculosis, and respiratory disorders	23.00	MANOSROI#041
Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. = Suregada multiflorum (A. Juss.) Baill	Euphorbiaceae	Khan Thong Pha Ya Bat	Wood	Anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammation, antipain, antivirus, detoxify, gum disease, hepatic disorder, laxative, and skin diseases	6.35	MANOSROI#042
Tiliacora triandra Diels.	Menispermaceae	Thao Ya Nang	Leaf	Recipe for antipyretic	12.90	MANOSROI#043
Urceola minutiflora Pierre. (D.J. Middleton)	Apocynaceae	Thao Muak Khao	Vine	Analgesic, antipain, detoxify, diarrhea, and insect poison	9.64	MANOSROI#026
Ventilago denticulata Wild.	Rhamnaceae	Thaowal Lek	Stem	Antiorgan-aging, appetite, diuretic, recipe for loose motion, and red discharge from vagina	4.97	MANOSROI#044

Table 2. Anti-proliferative activity on human cervical (HeLa) and oral (KB) cancer cell lines and phytochemical properties of the 23 methanolic plant extracts selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal recipe database “MANOSROI III”.

	Anti-proliferative activity
	HeLa					KB					Phytochemicals
Medicinal plants	GI50 (µg/ml)	Fold of		NCI criteria	Rank	GI50 (µg/ml)	Fold of		NCI criteria	Rank	Fla	Tan	Sap	Alk	St/T	Ant	Xan
		C	D				C	D
Acanthus ebracteatus	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	−	−	−	+	−	−	−
Aegle marmelos	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	327.11	0.01	0.04	IA	11	+	−	−	−	++	−	−
Albizia chinensis	12.11	0.45	0.02	A	3	0.16	28.00	80.06	A	1	++	++	+++	−	++	−	−
Caesalpinia sappan	13.34	0.41	0.02	A	4	25.79	0.17	0.50	MA	3	+	++	+	+	++	−	−
Cassia fistula	184.11	0.03	0.00	IA	12	534.12	0.01	0.02	IA	14	+++	++	−	−	++	−	−
Fibraurea tinctoria	39.61	0.14	0.01	MA	7	31.50	0.14	0.41	MA	4	+	++	++	+	++	−	−
Gloriosa superba	0.91	6.04	0.31	A	1	0.22	20.36	58.23	A	2	+	+	+	++	++	−	−
Hydnophytum formicarum	652.08	0.01	0.00	IA	16	584.22	0.01	0.02	IA	15	++	+++	−	+	++	−	−
Nymphoides indica	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	++	++	++	++	++	−	−
Peltophorum pterocarpum	276.23	0.02	0.00	IA	14	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	−	+++	−	−	++	−	−
Polyalthia debilis	181.15	0.03	0.00	IA	11	109.13	0.04	0.12	IA	7	+	−	++	++	++	−	−
Pouzolzia pentandra	37.28	0.15	0.01	MA	6	317.55	0.01	0.04	IA	10	−	−	+++	++	++	−	−
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	125.31	0.04	0.00	IA	10	68.03	0.07	0.19	MA	5	−	+	++	++	++	−	−
Rhinacanthus nasutus	5.14	1.07	0.05	A	2	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	+++	+	+	++	++	−	−
Senna alata	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	70.11	0.06	0.18	MA	6	++	++	++	++	++	+++	−
Sida rhombifolia	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	++	−	+	++	++	−	−
Smilax glabra	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	−	+	+	−	++	−	−
Smilax corbularia	>1000	ND	ND	IA	17	428.33	0.01	0.03	IA	13	+++	+++	−	−	++	−	−
Stemona collinsae	104.89	0.05	0.00	IA	8	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	+	+++	+++	++	++	−	−
Suregada multiflora	238.31	0.02	0.00	IA	13	337.41	0.01	0.04	IA	12	−	+	++	++	++	−	−
Tiliacora triandra	427.89	0.01	0.00	IA	15	110.11	0.04	0.12	IA	8	−	+++	+	+++	++	−	−
Urceola minutiflora	119.22	0.05	0.00	IA	9	>1000	ND	ND	IA	16	+	++	+	++	++	−	−
Ventilago denticulata	19.93	0.28	0.01	A	5	298.75	0.01	0.04	IA	9	++	++	−	++	++	−	−
Standard
Cisplatin (C)	5.50	1	ND	−	−	4.48	1	ND	−	−
Doxorubicin (D)	0.28	ND	1	−	−	12.81	ND	1	−	−

NCI criteria: the criteria indicated three types of activity. A, active (GI₅₀<20 µg/ml); MA, moderately active (20≤GI₅₀≤100 µg/ml); IA, inactive (GI₅₀>100 µg/ml). The percentages of plant numbers gave the GI₅₀ values of less than 100 µg/ml (A/MA) were 30.43 and 26.09% for HeLa and KB cell lines, respectively. Fla, flavonoids; Tan, tannins; Sap, saponins; Alk, alkaloids; St/T, steroids/triterpenoids; Ant, anthraquinones; X, xanthones. ND, not detected; +++, copiously present; ++, moderately present; +, slightly present; − absent.

Table 3. Anti-proliferative activity on HeLa and KB cell lines and phytochemical properties of the methanolic extracts (MEs) and 36 fractions of the nine plants selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database “MANOSROI III”.

	Anti-proliferative activity
	HeLa					KB					Phytochemicals
Medicinal plants	GI50 (µg/ml)	Fold of		NCI criteria	Rank	GI50 (µg/ml)	Fold of		NCI criteria	Rank	Fla	Tan	Sap	Alk	St/T	Ant	Xan
		C	D				C	D
	Albizia chinensis	12.11	0.45	0.02	A	10	0.16	28.78	82.29	A	4	++	++	+++	−	++	−	−
A. Chinensis HF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	−	−	−	−	++	−	−
A. Chinensis MF	31.8	0.17	0.01	MA	26	16.0	0.28	0.80	A	16	+	++	+	−	++	−	−
A. Chinensis BF	19.9	0.28	0.01	A	17	4.7	0.96	2.75	A	6	+	+	+	−	++	−	−
A. Chinensis WF	80.6	0.07	0.00	MA	35	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	+	+	−	+++	−	−
Caesalpinia sappan	13.34	0.41	0.02	A	11	25.79	0.17	0.50	MA	21	+	++	+	+	++	−	−
C. sappan HF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	30.3	ND	ND	IA	23	−	−	−	−	+	−	−
C. sappan MF	17.8	0.31	0.02	A	15	16.9	0.26	0.76	A	17	++	++	−	−	+	−	−
C. sappan BF	73.7	0.07	0.00	MA	34	23.3	0.19	0.55	A	19	+	+	+	−	+	−	−
C. sappan WF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	−	−	−	−	−	−
Fibraurea tinctoria	39.61	0.14	0.01	MA	30	31.50	0.14	0.41	MA	25	+	++	++	+	++	−	−
F. tinctoria HF	16.9	0.32	0.02	A	13	27.7	0.16	0.46	MA	22	−	−	−	−	+	−	−
F. tinctoria MF	29.4	0.19	0.01	MA	23	24.3	0.18	0.53	MA	20	+	++	++	−	+	−	−
F. tinctoria BF	23.3	0.24	0.01	MA	20	51.9	0.09	0.25	MA	27	+	+	+	−	−	−	−
F. tinctoria WF	27.9	0.20	0.01	MA	22	11.0	0.41	1.16	A	10	−	−	−	−	+	−	−
Gloriosa superba	0.91	6.04	0.31	A	4	0.220	20.36	58.23	A	5	+	+	+	++	++	−	−
G. superba HF	0.15	36.77	1.87	A	1	0.15	30.25	86.51	A	2	−	−	−	+	−	−	−
G. superba MF	0.57	9.63	0.49	A	3	0.058	77.45	221.46	A	1	+	−	−	++	+	−	−
G. superba BF	0.44	12.49	0.64	A	2	0.15	29.07	83.12	A	3	−	−	−	++	+	−	−
G. superba WF	45.2	0.12	0.01	MA	31	31.5	0.14	0.41	MA	25	−	−	−	+	+	−	−
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	125.31	0.04	0.00	IA	38	68.03	0.07	0.19	MA	30	−	+	++	++	++	−	−
P. tetragonolobus HF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	−	−	+	+	+	−	−
P. tetragonolobus MF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	76.7	0.06	0.17	MA	32	+	−	−	+	++	−	−
P. tetragonolobus BF	34.5	0.16	0.16	MA	27	8.1	0.55	1.58	A	8	−	−	+++	+	++	−	−
P. tetragonolobus WF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	−	−	++	−	−	−
Rhinacanthus nasutus	5.14	1.07	0.05	A	7	>1000	ND	ND	IA	43	+++	+	+	++	++	−	−
R. nasutus HF	36.6	0.15	0.01	MA	28	53.5	0.08	0.24	MA	28	+	−	−	+	−	−	−
R. nasutus MF	14.6	0.38	0.02	A	12	7.1	0.63	1.80	A	7	+++	−	+	+	++	−	−
R. nasutus BF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	13.2	0.34	0.97	A	12	−	−	−	++	+	−	−
R. nasutus WF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	19.7	0.23	0.65	A	18	−	−	−	+	+	−	−
Senna alata	>1000	ND	ND	IA	45	70.11	0.06	0.18	MA	31	++	++	++	++	++	+++	−
S. alata HF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	−	−	−	−	++	++	−
S. alata MF	23.8	0.23	0.01	MA	21	13.6	0.33	0.94	A	14	++	+++	++	+	++	+++	−
S. alata BF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	−	+	+	++	++	−
S. alata WF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	−	−	−	−	−	−
Ventilago denticulata	19.93	0.28	0.01	A	18	299	0.01	0.04	IA	36	++	++	−	++	++	−	−
V. denticulata HF	22.2	0.25	0.01	MA	19	8.2	0.55	1.57	A	9	++	+	−	−	++	++	−
V. denticulata MF	30.3	0.18	0.01	MA	25	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	++	+++	−	+	++	+	−
V. denticulata BF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	+	++	−	−	++	−	−
V. denticulata WF	>100	ND	ND	IA	45	>100	ND	ND	IA	43	−	+	−	−	++	−	−
Standard
Cisplatin (C)	5.50	1	ND	−	−	4.48	1	ND	−	−
Doxorubicin (D)	0.28	ND	1	−	−	12.81	ND	1	−	−

Folds of the standard drugs were calculated as the ratio between the GI₅₀ value of standard drugs and the samples. NCI criteria: the criteria indicated three types of activity. A, active (GI₅₀<20 µg/ml); MA, moderately active (20≤GI₅₀≤100 µg/ml); IA, inactive (GI₅₀>100 µg/ml); Fla, flavonoids; Tan, tannins; Sap, saponins; Alk, alkaloids; St/T, steroids/triterpenoids; Ant, anthraquinones; X, xanthones; ND, not detected; +++, copiously present; ++, moderately present; +, slightly present; − absent.