Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the oil fractions from wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota)

Figures & data

Table 1. Main identified components (>0.5%) in the wild carrot oil fractions F1, F2, F3, and F4.

		Percentage
Retention time	Component	F1	F2	F3	F4
11.88	(+)-α-Longipinene	7.18	–	5.60	8.18
12.38	Longicyclene	1.72	–	–	–
13.26	Methyl eugenol	–	2.28	–	–
13.33	10s,11a-Himachala-3(12),4-diene	6	–	–	0.59
13.88	β-Caryophyllene	17.2	–	–	0.78
15.08	1,1,4,8-Tetramethyl-cis,cis,4,7,10-cycloundecatriene	–	–	–	1.25
15.14	α-Humulene	28.2	–	–	–
16.03	Aromadendrene	0.75	–	–	–
16.54	β-Selinene	2.86	–	2.38	5.33
16.70	γ-Selinene	–	–	0.56	1.86
16.87	α-Selinene	4.26	–	–	–
16.95	β-Himachalene	–	2.07
17.01	(E)- Methylisoeugenol	–	12.5	–	–
17.22	β-Bisabolene	–	–	0.62	2.59
17.47	2,3-Dicyano-6-ethyl-5,7-dimethyl-6H-1,4-diazepine	–	–	–	3.82
17.63	γ-Selinene	3.53	–	–	–
17.87	β-Himachalene	2.58	–	–	–
18.31	5-Benzyl-4-isopropyl-1H-imidazole	0.79	–	–	–
18.38	(−)-alpha-Panasinsen	1.08	–	–	–
19.55	Elemicine	–	10.9	–	–
20.50	Caryophyllene oxide	5.20	0.66	–	–
23.53	2-Himachalen-6-ol	–	61.4	0.79	1.67
25.22	β-Asarone	–	1.05	–	–
28.39	3,5,6,7,8,8α-Hexahydro-4,8α-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2(1H)-naphthalenone	1.92	–	–	–
61.05	Methanesulfonic acid, 9-oxabicyclo [3.3.1]non-3-ylmethyl ester	–	–	–	0.78

Figure 1. (a) HPLC chromatograms of a standard mixture of phenolic acids. Peaks: 1 = gallic acid; 2 = chlorogenic acid; 3 = vanillic acid; 4 = syringic acid; 5 = caffeic acid; 6 = ellagic acid; 7 = myricetin; 8 = quercetin; 9 = luteolin; 10 = kaempferol; 11 = apigenin. (b and c) HPLC chromatograms of F3 and F4 oil fractions of the wild carrot extract. HPLC conditions: mobile phase, water:acetic acid:methanol; 10:2:88 (solvent A) and water:acetic acid:methanol; 90:2:8 (solvent B), flow rate; 1.5 ml/min, detection; UV at 280 nm.

Table 2. Concentrations of phenolic acids and flavonoids in F3 and F4 fractions of the wild carrot extract.

Component	Concentration (µg/mg)
	F3 fraction	F4 fraction
Caffeic acid	9.13	ND
Quercetin	ND	69.70
Luteolin	55.85	83.10
Kaempferol	13.72	103.00
Apigenin	50.75	118.00

ND, not detected.

Table 3. Phenolic content, flavonoid content, DPPH, FRAP, and FIC assay of the different oil fractions of Daucus carota L. ssp. carota.

Sample	Phenolic content (mg GAE/g)	Flavonoid content (mg QE/g)	DPPH radical scavenging IC50 (mg/ml)	FRAP µM FeSO4/g	Fe^2+ chelating activity IC50 (mg/ml)
F1-fraction	48.6 ± 2.87	3.5 ± 0.25	>2.50 ± 0.25^a	19.70 ± 0.92	0.28 ± 0.03^k
F2-fraction	40.10 ± 1.98	2.0 ± 0.18	>1.8 ± 0.30^b	38.5 ± 1.31^g	1.45 ± 0.15^l
F3-fraction	108.56 ± 2.94	35.5 ± 1.5	0.29 ± 0.01^c	225.11 ± 5.63^h	>5 ± 0.3^m
F4-fraction	147.14 ± 3.12	56 ± 2.3	0.38 ± 0.02^d	437.59 ± 6.94^i	>7.25 ± 0.45^n
Trolox	–	–	0.06 ± 0.01^e	–	–
Vitamin C	–	–	–	61 000 ± 1258^j	–
Na2-EDTA	–	–	–		0.07 ± 0.012^o

The values are expressed as mean ± SEM from three experiments. Means followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. (a) Percentage DPPH scavenging activity of oil fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) and Trolox at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/ml) on DPPH radicals. (b) The percentage chelating activity of oil fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) and Na₂EDTA at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml) on ferrous ions. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three experiments.

Figure 3. Effect of wild carrot oil fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) and vitamin E on the activity of SOD, CAT, and GST antioxidant liver enzymes of CCl₄-intoxicated mice. Each column represents the mean ± SEM, with n = 6 animals in each group. (a) SOD, superoxide dismutase; (b) CAT, catalase; (c) GST, glutathione-S-transferase. ^ap < 0.05 compared with the normal control group; ^bp < 0.05; ^cp < 0.01; ^dp < 0.001 compared with the CCl₄-control treated group.

Table 4. Effect of DCOE fractions and vitamin E on AST and ALT in mice after CCl₄ application.

Groups	Dose (mg/kg)	Parameters
		AST (U/l)	ALT (U/l)
Control		80.7 ± 6.9	34.5 ± 5.6
CCl4		200.8 ± 22^a	184.2 ± 19^a
Vitamin E		131 ± 7.7^b	107 ± 4.3^b
F1	50	95 ± 11.1^c	89.3 ± 3.4^c
	100	74.5 ± 9.8^c	94.0 ± 17.3^c
	200	70.2 ± 3.4^d	73.6 ± 6.1^d
F2	50	156.3 ± 36.5^ns	174 ± 25.2^ns
	100	163 ± 33.9^ns	119.3 ± 19.5^b
	200	179.2 ± 40^ns	120.2 ± 13.6^b
F3	50	170.7 ± 23.9^ns	130.3 ± 25.9^ns
	100	117.5 ± 25.6^ns	182.3 ± 48.3^ns
	200	148.5 ± 29.8^ns	116 ± 18.5^b
F4	50	126.7 ± 4.8^b	75.0 ± 4.0^c
	100	86.0 ± 17.0^b	71.0 ± 6.2^d
	200	82.3 ± 5.2^c	78.3 ± 4.9^c

The values are expressed as mean ± SEM for n = 6. Where ns is non-significant compared with CCl₄, ^ap < 0.0001 compared with control. ^bp < 0.05 compared with CCl₄. ^cp < 0.01 compared with CCl₄. ^dp < 0.0001 compared with CCl₄.