Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of standardized brazilin-rich Caesalpinia sappan extract

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chemical structure of brazilin.

Figure 2. Percentage inhibitions of DPPH radicals by BRE, CSE, and brazilin at different concentrations, n = 3 (Nirmal & Benjakul, 2011).

Table 1. Radical scavenging activity of BRE, CSE, and brazilin determined by β-carotene bleaching assay (Panichayupakaranant et al., 2010).

Samples	EC50 (µg/mL)
CSE	92.2 ± 0.9
BRE	60.5 ± 0.2
Brazilin	52.1 ± 0.4
Quercetin	17.4 ± 0.4

The results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). BRE, brazilin-rich extract; CSE: crude ethanol extract of C. sappan heartwood

Figure 3. Reducing power of ascorbic acid, brazilin, BRE, and CSE at different concentrations. Small letters within the same concentration of different samples indicate significant difference (p < 0.05). AA, ascorbic acid; BRE, brazilin-rich extract; CSE, crude ethanol extract of C. sappan heartwood.

Table 2. Anti-denaturation activity of BRE, CSE, and brazilin (Williams et al., 2008).

Samples	Concentrations (µg/mL)	% Inhibition
Brazilin	0.1	46.8 ± 2.6
	0.5	34.8 ± 3.9
	5	21.5 ± 4.5
	BRE	0.1	54.1 ± 1.3
0.5		46.8 ± 5.2
5		24.7 ± 1.3
CSE		0.1	61.9 ± 1.9
	0.5	48.2 ± 1.9
	5	27.5 ± 1.2
	Diclofenac sodium	10	30.7 ± 3.2
	50	71.5 ± 1.3
	100	88.9 ± 1.3

The results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). BRE, brazilin-rich extract; CSE, crude ethanol extract of C. sappan heartwood.

Table 3. Antibacterial activity of BRE, CSE, and brazilin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (NCCLS, 2008).

Microorganisms	Concentrations (µg/mL)
	CSE		BRE		Brazilin		Ampicillin
	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
S. aureus	250	250	125	125	62.5	62.5	0.12	0.12
S. epidermidis	125	250	62.5	125	31.3	62.5	0.12	0.12
B. subtilis	125	125	62.5	125	31.3	62.5	0.12	0.12
S. typhimurium	250	500	250	250	125	125	250	250
P. aeruginosa	250	500	250	250	125	125	0.48	0.48
E. coli	1000	1000	500	500	250	250	31.3	31.3

n = 3. BRE, brazilin-rich extract; CSE, crude ethanol extract of C. sappan heartwood.

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