Antibacterial, antioxidant, and topical anti-inflammatory activities of Bergia ammannioides: A wound-healing plant

Figures & data

Figure 1. The effect of the HxFr ointment (10% w/w) of B. ammannioides on the wound induced on male albino rats is shown. (A) At zero time; (B) 2nd day; (C) 6th and 10th day.

Table 1. Effect of the ethanol extract and fractions of B. ammannioides Henye ex Roth. on wound area in male albino rats.

The tested group	Wound area at zero time (cm^2)	Wound area (cm^2) on 2nd day	Wound area (cm^2) on 6th day	Wound area (cm^2) on 10th day
Control untreated	1.53 ± 0.003	1.55 ± 0.002	1.59 ± 0.001	1.60 ± 0.003
Simple ointment	1.52 ± 0.019	1.50 ± 0.007	1.48 ± 0.003	1.49 ± 0.008
% Change		3.22	6.91	6.87
EtOH ointment (5% w/w)	1.59 ± 0.002	1.43 ± 0.003*	1.13 ± 0.001	0.91 ± 0.001*
% Change	–	10.06	28.93	42.77
EtOH ointment (10% w/w)	1.63 ± 0.013	1.21 ± 0.043*	0.61 ± 0.071	0.46 ± 0.077*
% Change	–	25.76	62.57	71.77
HxFr ointment (5% w/w)	1.60 ± 0.087	1.26 ± 0.012*	0.90 ± 0.080*	0.67 ± 0.015*
% Change	–	21.25	43.75	58.12
HxFr ointment (10% w/w)	1.67 ± 0.002	1.14 ± 0.063*	0.42 ± 0.011*	0.24 ± 0.001*
% Change	–	31.73	74.85	85.62
EtFr ointment (5% w/w)	1.56 ± 0.091	1.31 ± 0.02*	1.01 ± 0.032*	0.76 ± 0.078*
% Change	–	16.02	35.25	51.28
EtFr ointment (10% w/w)	1.55 ± 0.007	1.02 ± 0.011*	0.39 ± 0.023*	0.29 ± 0.017*
% Change	–	34.19	74.83	81.29
Bu Fr ointment (5% w/w)	1.58 ± 0.0041	1.49 ± 0.032*	1.20 ± 0.009*	1.09 ± 0.015*
% Change	–	5.6	24.05	31.01
Bu Fr ointment (10% w/w)	1.64 ± 0.002	1.42 ± 0.039*	1.11 ± 0.007*	1.07 ± 0.052*
% Change	–	13.41	32.31	34.75
Dermazine ® cream	1.68 ± 0.004	0.72 ± 0.009*	0.41 ± 0.02*	0.08 ± 0.001*
% Change		53.54	74.21	95

*Statistically significant from the control group at p < 0.01.

Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, groups of six animals.

EtOH, ethanol extract; HxFr, n-hexane fraction, EtFr, ethyl acetate fraction; BuFr, n-butanol fraction.

Table 2. Effect of the ethanol extract and fractions of B. ammannioides Henye ex Roth. on total collagen content of granulation tissue on post-wounding days.

	Collagen content in granulation tissue (mean ± SEM)
The tested group	6th day	10th day
Control untreated	2.02 ± 0.67	2.92 ± 0.19
Simple ointment	2.41 ± 0.41	2.99 ± 0.18
EtOH ointment (5% w/w)	3.87 ± 0.09*	4.41 ± 0.61*
EtOH ointment (10% w/w)	4.36 ± 0.50*	5.49 ± 0.11*
HxFr ointment (5% w/w)	4.82 ± 0.73*	5.09 ± 0.33*
HxFr ointment (10% w/w)	5.93 ± 0.06*	6.12 ± 0.60*
EtOAc ointment (5% w/w)	4.01 ± 0.15*	4.91 ± 0.25*
EtOAc ointment (10% w/w)	4.98 ± 0.89*	5.67 ± 0.32*
BuFr ointment (5% w/w)	2.99 ± 0.09	3.01 ± 0.13
BuFr ointment (10% w/w)	3.61 ± 0.92	3.74 ± 0.11
Dermazine® cream	6.34 ± 0.11*	8.01 ± 0.09*

*Statistically significant from control group at p < 0.01

EtOH, ethanol extract; HxFr, n-hexane fraction, EtFr, ethyl acetate fraction; BuFr, n-butanol fraction.

Table 3. Results of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, fractions, and the major isolated compound of B. ammannioides Henye ex Roth.

The tested sample	% Inhibition	Relative potency to Voltaren gel®
Control	–	–
EtOH	44.7	54.8
HxFr	52.6	64.5
EtFr	28.94	35.5
BuFr	15.7	19.24
Compound 2 (β-sitosterol)	68.4	83.8
Voltaren gel®	81.6	100

EtOH, ethanol extract; HxFr, n-hexane fraction, EtFr, ethyl acetate fraction; BuFr, n-butanol fraction.

Groups of six animals.

Table 4. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions of B. ammannioides Henye ex Roth.

	IC50 values
The tested sample	DPPH	ABTS^•+	Super oxide
EtOH	86.00 ± 0.12	219.56 ± 0.21	313.34 ± 0.18
HxFr	50.00 ± 0.09	103.10 ± 0.59	298.47 ± 0.61
EtFr	10.25 ± 0.01	66.09 ± 0.76	167.33 ± 0.91
BuFr	>1000	770.00 ± 1.07	>1000
Ascorbic acid	4.97 ± 0.67	11.25 ± 49	222.12 ± 49

Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.M (μg/ml)

EtOH, ethanol extract; HxFr, n-hexane fraction, EtFr, ethyl acetate fraction; BuFr, n-butanol fraction.

Table 5. The results of antibacterial activity of the extract and fractions of B. ammannioides Henye ex Roth.

	Diameter of inhibition zone in mm. (percentage of potency)
Tested Microorganisms	EtOH	HxFr	EtFr	BuFr	Ofloxacin
E. coli	10 (32)	–	12 (39)	10 (32)	31
Proteus vulgaris	16 (48)	–	–	17 (52)	33
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	–	–	–	14 (50)	28
Salmonella typhi	10 (33)	–	10 (33)	9 (30)	30
Staphylococcus aureus	17 (55)	26 (84)	20 (65)	15 (48)	31
Sarcina lutea*	12 (38)	10 (31)	13 (41)	15 (47)	32
Bacillus subtilis	12 (35)	10 (29)	10 (29)	14 (41)	34
Mycobacterium phlei*	12 (44)	10 (37)	10 (37)	12 (12)	27

*Laboratory collection strain, Ofloxacin, the extract and fractions (20 μg/ml DMSO).

EtOH, ethanol extract; HxFr, n-hexane fraction, EtFr, ethyl acetate fraction; BuFr, n-butanol fraction.

Figure 2. Structures of the isolated compounds.