Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antilipid peroxidative activities of Dracocephalum polychaetum shoot extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In vivo and in vitro studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effect of D. polychaetum extract and glibenclamide on glucose tolerance in glucose loaded rats. Extract administered at zero time and 2 g/kg b.w. glucose loaded 30 min after it. Blood glucose levels were analyzed at 30, 60, and 120 min in rats. Each value represents mean ± SEM, n = 6 rats per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 when compared with 2 g glucose/kg b.w. group.

Table 1. Mean values of serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, creatinine, AST, and ALT for all groups.

Groups	Glucose (mg/dL)	Triglycerides (mg/dL)	Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	AST (IU/L)	ALT (IU/L)
Control	92 ± 4	70 ± 6	66 ± 5	37 ± 1.7	0.5 ± 0.05	155 ± 14	79 ± 5
Diabetic (D)	548 ± 7 ^a**	123 ± 9^a***	91 ± 4^a**	30.8 ± 2^a*	1.3 ± 0.09^a**	276 ± 12^a**	277 ± 31^a***
D + extract (200 mg/kg)	533 ± 98	72 ± 4^b**	60.6 ± 7^b*	31 ± 3	0.75 ± 0.2^b**	227 ± 15	190 ± 16^b*
D + extract (300 mg/kg)	521 ± 39	58 ± 6^b***	61 ± 3^b**	34 ± 3	0.83 ± 0.03^b**	232 ± 39	158 ± 17^b*
D + extract (400 mg/kg)	480 ± 50	52 ± 6^b**	64 ± 1.5^b**	32 ± 5	0.76 ± 0.03^b**	147 ± 7^b*	130 ± 2^b**
D + glybenclamide (600 µg/kg)	436 ± 23^b*	64 ± 5^b**	66.5 ± 0.5^b*	43 ± 4^b*	0.97 ± 0.08^b*	222 ± 25	134 ± 17^b**

Values are mean ± SEM for six rats.

^aVersus the control group

^bVersus the diabetic group.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 2. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of methanolic extract of D. polychaetum and BHA (as standard).

Different concentrations of extract or BHA (mg/mL)	% Inhibition of DPPH by the extract	% Inhibition of DPPH by BHA
1.25	9 ± 0.005	56.13 ± 0.06
2.5	23.50 ± 0.04	87.73 ± 0.02
5	47.20 ± 0.005	94.38 ± 0.008
10	79.60 ± 0.01	96.18 ± 0.008
20	85.30 ± 0.01	98.09 ± 0.008

Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. n = 5. A high inhibition percentage indicates a high antioxidant activity.

Table 3. The Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the methanolic extract of D. polychaetum and BHA (as standard).

Different concentrations of extract or BHA (mg/mL)	% Inhibition (FRAP) by the extract	%Inhibition (FRAP) by BHA
0.078	45.2 ± 0.02	52.52 ± 0.08
0.156	50 ± 0.04	64.75 ± 0.06
0.312	57.5 ± 0.08	67.37 ± 0.08
0.625	71.6 ± 0.09	80.35 ± 0.08
1.25	82.1 ± 0.03	100

Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. n = 5.

Table 4. SOD and CAT activities and GSH content in tissue homogenate of pancreas in different experimental groups.

Groups	SOD activity (U/mg protein)	CAT activity (U/gr protein)	GSH (µmol/gr tissue)
Control	37 ± 1.75	15.82 ± 1.5	216 ± 6.1
Diabetic	20.4 ± 1.79^a**	4.93 ± 1.01^a**	114.4 ± 3.7^a**
Diabetic + extract  (300 mg/kg)	34.8 ± 1.43^b**	11 ± 2.1^b*	183 ± 24^b*

Values are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6 per group).

^aVersus the control group.

^bVersus the diabetic group.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 5. MDA levels in the plasma, erythrocyte lysate, and tissue homogenate of pancreas in different experimental groups.

Groups	MDA in RBCs (nmol/mL RBC)	MDA in plasma (nmol/mL)	MDA in pancreas (nmol/gr tissue)
Control	2.5 ± 0.02	0.741 ± 0.02	312.7 ± 38.6
Diabetic	5 ± 0.06^a*	2.98 ± 0.37^a***	4487.6 ± 490^a***
Diabetic + extract  (300 mg/kg)	2.58 ± 0.05^b*	1.86 ± 0.05^b*	1898.2 ± 387^b**

Values are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6 per group).

^aVersus the control group.

^bVersus the diabetic group.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.