Protective effect and antioxidant role of sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of CCI₄ and SO oil on serum liver damage biomarker and body weight of rats (mean ± SD).

	Control mean ± SD		CCl4 mean ± SD		SO mean ± SD		SO+CCI4 mean ± SD
Parameters	Beginning	Final	Beginning	Final	Beginning	Final	Beginning	Final
Body weight (g)	280.8 ± 21.5	344.8 ± 19.2*	277.0 ± 13.5	313.5 ± 17.4*	265.0 ± 38.9	350.3 ± 47.5*	240.0 ± 29.7	275.0 ± 21.9*
Food intake* (g/Week)	424.5 ± 50.2	459.0 ± 58.0	401.5 ± 26.2	439.0 ± 86.3	458.0 ± 59.4	463.0 ± 83.4	351.5 ± 77.1	444.5 ± 53.0
AST U/L	86.0 ± 11.7		347.3 ± 22.5^a		91.3 ± 11.6		187.7 ± 17.5^cd
ALT U/L	33.5 ± 1.9		398.5 ± 22.3^a		45.5 ± 6.5^b		116.7 ± 7.6^cd
GGT U/L	0.9 ± 0.1		2.5 ± 0.6^a		1.8 ± 0.3^d		1.9 ± 0.4
LDH U/L	1092.5 ± 77.6		1851.5 ± 165.5^a		1389.3 ± 116.6^b		1680.0 ± 88.9^cd
TC mg/dl	48.5 ± 6.6		37.5 ± 6.5^a		59.7 ± 7.8^b		48.0 ± 8.2^d
TP mg/dl	5.9 ± 0.4		5.5 ± 0.5		6.3 ± 0.3		5.8 ± 0.8

Each value represents the mean ± SD. Significantly different from control rats at p < 0.05 (one way ANOVA).

*Significantly different from the beginning.

^aCCl₄ significantly different from control.

^bSO significantly different from control.

^cSO + CCl₄ significantly different from control.

^dSO + CCl₄ significantly different from CCl₄.

Table 2. Determination of antioxidant capacity of SO oil against CCI₄ exposed in rats.

Tissue	Parameters	Control X ± SD	CCI4 X ± SD	SO X ± SD	SO+CCI4 X ± SD
Erythrocyte	GSH mg/mL	75.21 ± 0.13	72.88 ± 0.42^a	75.34 ± 0.41	75.73 ± 0.84^d
	MDA nmol/mL	1.41 ± 0.20	2.92 ± 0.52^a	1.75 ± 0.40	1.89 ± 0.34^cd
	GST U/mL	14.92 ± 2.64	24.58 ± 4.67^a	14.72 ± 2.58	15.03 ± 1.08^d
	GPx U/mL	176.25 ± 30.29	160.88 ± 17.05	167.05 ± 19.27	163.05 ± 21.30
	GR U/mL	2.41 ± 0.56	2.13 ± 0.48	2.47 ± 0.52	2.39 ± 0.67
	SOD U/mL	2105.46 ± 90.08	2079.21 ± 82.97	2064.77 ± 35.29	2068.26 ± 24.31
	CAT U/mL	232.91 ± 32.91	244.98 ± 45.54	275.76 ± 50.42	246.2 ± ±33.08
Liver	GSH mg/g	71.2 ± ±2.93	67.63 ± 2.08^a	67.01 ± 4.43	65.29 ± 1.42^cd
	MDA nmol/g	41,01 ± 5.78	59.36 ± 5.56^a	43.71 ± 8.32	57.85 ± 5.78^c
	GST U/g	84.47 ± 8.37	108.14 ± 8.45^a	83.24 ± 11.68	82.99 ± 12.73^d
	GPx U/g	141.55 ± 15.80	114.45 ± 5.43^a	135.20 ± 15.30	132.95 ± 7.68^d
	GR U/g	35.42 ± 2.02	31.75 ± 2.25^a	33.30 ± 3.03	33.06 ± 1.28^c
	SOD U/g	2019.87 ± 73.67	1983.59 ± 761.36	1924.50 ± 35.83^b	1961.30 ± 45.18
	CAT U/g	336.51 ± 34.70	397.56 ± 57.60^a	312.69 ± 65.25	335.39 ± 32.53^d
Brain	GSH mg/g	18.28 ± 1.63	19.66 ± 3.67	19.77 ± 3.88	19.98 ± 2.29
	MDA nmol/g	39.28 ± 4.17	70.91 ± 8.51^a	38.10 ± 4.95	39.92 ± 2.61^d
	GST U/g	57.23 ± 10.24	72.95 ± 11.35^a	62.49 ± 8.34	65.05 ± 6.97
	GPx U/g	163.57 ± 30.46	154.79 ± 21.86	162.45 ± 21.83	165.14 ± 23.23
	GR U/g	32.83 ± 0.33	29.09 ± 3.17^a	32.00 ± 2.83	31.51 ± 1.64
	SOD U/g	2165.24 ± 47.09	2161.02 ± 32.72	2083.89 ± 42.00^b	2096.52 ± 11.70^cd
	CAT U/g	2.16 ± 0.61	6.21 ± 1.36^a	2.16 ± 017	2.37 ± 0.50
Kidney	GSH mg/g	70.52 ± 1.77	59.10 ± 2.89^a	65.37 ± 4.91^b	66.14 ± 3.49^cd
	MDA nmol/g	115.06 ± 10.86	151.76 ± 12.32^a	128.33 ± 19.18	140.32 ± 14.97^c
	GST U/g	38.53 ± 4.64	61.40 ± 7.17^a	40.51 ± 6.28	51.55 ± 5.70^cd
	GPx U/g	157.70 ± 12.05	145.07 ± 18.72	158.82 ± 24.65	149.33 ± 24.45
	GR U/g	53.21 ± 4.33	46.38 ± 3.30^a	52.03 ± 2.34	51.04 ± 2.69^d
	SOD U/g	2147.03 ± 44.03	2100.49 ± 40.82	2147.10 ± 42.98	2113.18 ± 11.22
	CAT U/g	269.69 ± 48.16	308.78 ± 50.29	276.39 ± 41.93	279.18 ± 44.22
Spleen	GSH mg/g	72.75 ± 2.54	73.98 ± 1.55	74.18 ± 1.58	72.22 ± 2.05
	MDA nmol/g	158.67 ± 25.60	199.90 ± 14.15^a	162.01 ± 21.81	161.15 ± 20.23^d
	GST U/g	34.68 ± 3.99	47.20 ± 6.38^a	35.57 ± 4.87	34.89 ± 3.64^d
	GPx U/g	151.20 ± 16.11	143.42 ± 11.04	157.26 ± 27.11	155.50 ± 33.95
	GR U/g	12.10 ± 0.60	12.94 ± 2.37	11.74 ± 1.57	12.53 ± 1.27
	SOD U/g	2258.75 ± 63.55	2179.14 ± 56.44^a	2140.58 ± 77.85^b	2138.52 ± 93.50^c
	CAT U/g	20.28 ± 1.39	34.43 ± 8.95^a	21.12 ± 1.47	20.65 ± 3.03^d

Each value represents the mean ± SD. Significantly different from control rats at p<0.05 (one-way ANOVA).

^aCCl₄ significantly different from control.

^bSO significantly different from control.

^cSO+CCl₄ significantly different from control.

^dSO+CCl₄ significantly different from CCl₄.

Figure 1. Control group: The liver of control group rats shows normal architecture of lobules. Hematoxylin–eosin, bar = 100 µm.

Figure 2. CCL₄-treated group: Hydropic degeneration (fine arrows) and coagulation necrosis (arrow heads) in the hepatocytes, and fibrous bands extending from periacinar regions to parenchyma. Hematoxylin–eosin, bar = 100 µm.

Figure 3. SW oil + CCL₄-treated group: Note that there is no hydropic degeneration and coagulation necrosis in the hepatocytes and fibrosis. Haematoxylin–eosin, bar = 100 µm.