Hepatoprotective effect of cold-pressed Syzygium aromaticum oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Changes in liver enzymes in CCl₄-induced oxidative damage in rat liver.

Group	Treatment	ALT (U/mL)	AST (U/mL)	ALP (U/L)	TB (mg/dL)	DB (mg/dL)
1	Negative control (Normal)	28.33 ± 0.99^c	29.00 ± 0.59^b	95.11 ± 0.66^c	0.75 ± 0.046^b	0.123 ± 0.011^b
2	Positive control (CCl4)	138.33 ± 1.55^a	171.6 ± 1.44^a	293.3 ± 2.00^a	1.65 ± 0.13	0.623 ± 0.015^a
3	Clove oil (100 mg/kg) + CCl4	36.66 ± 1.66^b	36.67 ± 1.33^b	125.6 ± 1.25^b	0.74 ± 0.026^b	0.146 ± 0.013^b
4	Clove oil (200 mg/kg) + CCl4	30.00 ± 1.82^bc	35.66 ± 1.10^b	83.36 ± 1.29^d	0.85 ± 0.034^b	0.156 ± 0.009^b

^{a, b, c}There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between any two means with the same letter in each column.

Table 2. Impact of CO on kidney function indicators and protein profile in CCl₄-induced injury in rat.

Group	Treatment	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)	Uric acid (mg/dL)	T-protein (g/dL)	Albumin (g/dL)	Globulin (g/dL)	A/G ratio
1	Negative control (Normal)	0.71 ± 0.026^b	25.33 ± 1.33^c	3.63 ± 0.33^b	6.50 ± 0.17^a	3.78 ± 0.05^b	2.72 ± 0.24^a	1.40 ± 0.55^ab
2	Positive control (CCl4)	1.85 ± 0.036^a	56.33 ± 1.21^a	7.93 ± 0.26^a	5.40 ± 0.37^b	3.01 ± 0.06^d	2.38 ± 0.33^a	1.312 ± 0.16^ab
3	Clove oil (100 mg/kg) + CCl4	0.57 ± 0.051^c	31.33 ± 1.16^b	2.41 ± 0.72^c	6.53 ± 0.61^a	3.65 ± 0.02^c	2.88 ± 0.41^a	1.27 ± 0.17^b
4	Clove oil (200 mg/kg) + CCl4	0.68 ± 0.013^b	32.66 ± 1.10^b	2.99 ± 0.62^bc	6.53 ± 0.14^a	4.14 ± 0.07^a	2.39 ± 0.26^a	1.74 ± 0.66^a

^{a, b, c}There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between any two means with the same letter in each column.

Figure 1. Changes in lipid profiles (mg/L) in CCl₄-induced injury in rat. Error bars show the variations of three determinations in terms of standard deviation.

Table 3. Changes in antioxidant markers in CCl₄-induced injury in rats.

Group	Treatment	MDA (nmol/mg)	GSH (mmol/g)
1	Negative control (normal)	3.350 ± 0.14^d	1.487 ± 0.066^a
2	Positive control (CCl4)	9.252 ± 0.26^a	0.835 ± 0.087^b
3	Clove oil (100 mg/kg) + CCl4	5.976 ± 0.35^b	1.320 ± 0.069^a
4	Clove oil (200 mg/kg) + CCl4	4.735 ± 0.17^c	1.380 ± 0.074^a

^{a, b, c}There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between any two means with the same letter in each column.

Figure 2. Photomicrograph of liver from (A) control rats showing normal histobasoligical structure (H&E × 300), (B) rats received CCl₄ (100 mg/kg) showing severe fatty change in the hepatocytes (H&E × 300), (C) rats received CCl₄ (100 mg/kg) and CO (100 mg/kg) showing degenerative changes in hepatocytes in the form of vaculation with focal mononuclear aggregation (H&E × 800), (D) rats received CCl₄ 100 mg/kg and CO (200 mg/kg) showing congestion of the central vein and hepatic sinusoids (H&E × 300).