Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Effects of diosmin on kidney weight, urine volume, urinary pH, urinary protein in ethylene glycol + ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis.

Groups	Treatments	Kidney weight (g)	Urine pH	Urine volume (mL)	Urine total protein (mg/dL)
1	Distilled water p.o.	0.63 ± 0.007	4.79 ± 0.04	7.54 ± 0.12	2.54 ± 0.12
2	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC p.o.	1.13 ± 0.04*	9.56 ± 0.16*	2.48 ± 0.10*	8.79 ± 0.14*
3	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC + cystone 750 mg/kg p.o.	0.73 ± 0.007**#	5.3 ± 0.07**#	7.36 ± 0.05#	3.62 ± 0.06*#
4	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC + diosmin 10 mg/kg p.o.	0.82 ± 0.008*#	6.34 ± 0.07*#	6.57 ± 0.07*#	5.70 ± 0.08*#
5	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC + diosmin 20 mg/kg p.o.	0.74 ± 0.006**#	5.38 ± 0.06*#	7.49 ± 0.06#	4.27 ± 0.11*#

Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6). p.o., per oral; v/v, volume by volume; w/v, weight by volume; EG, ethylene glycol; AC, ammonium chloride.

* p < 0.001.

** p < 0.05 versus control group.

# p < 0.001 versus EG + AC treated group.

Table 2. Effects of diosmin on various urinary parameters in ethylene glycol + ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis.

Groups	Treatments	Calcium (mg/dL)	Magnesium (mg/dL)	Phosphorus (mg/dL)	Potassium (mg/dL)	Sodium (mg/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Uric acid (mg/dL)
1	Distilled water p.o.	5.46 ± 0.05	4.61 ± 0.075	3.64 ± 0.04	43.98 ± 0.79	127.23 ± 0.41	2.99 ± 0.03	4.40 ± 0.025
2	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC p.o.	8.01 ± 0.09*	2.15 ± 0.07*	7.82 ± 0.03*	30.41 ± 0.65*	89.94 ± 0.35*	0.97 ± 0.006*	1.76 ± 0.03*
3	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + cystone 750 mg/kg p.o.	5.59 ± 0.04#	4.12 ± 0.05*#	4.45 ± 0.05*#	42.18 ± 0.52#	119.76 ± 0.56*#	2.65 ± 0.04*#	4.50 ± 0.01#
4	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + diosmin 10 mg/kg p.o.	6.03 ± 0.06*#	3.66 ± 0.11*#	5.21 ± 0.08*#	38.88 ± 0.30*#	105.12 ± 0.78*#	2.07 ± 0.04*#	3.97 ± 0.04*#
5	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + diosmin 20 mg/kg p.o.	5.61 ± 0.08#	4.13 ± 0.04**#	4.52 ± 0.039*#	41.82 ± 0.48#	117.83 ± 0.67*#	2.52 ± 0.03*#	4.57 ± 0.028**#

Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6). p.o., per oral; v/v, volume by volume; w/v, weight by volume; EG, ethylene glycol; AC, ammonium chloride.

* p < 0.001.

** p < 0.05 versus control group.

# p < 0.001 versus EG + AC treated group.

Table 3. Effects of diosmin on various serum parameters in ethylene glycol + ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis.

Groups	Treatments	Calcium (mg/dL)	Potassium (mg/dL)	Sodium (mg/dL)	Magnesium (mg/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Uric acid (mg/dL)	BUN (mg/dL)
1	Distilled water p.o.	5.17 ± 0.08	6.02 ± 0.03	119.99 ± 0.71	0.66 ± 0.026	0.45 ± 0.02	0.93 ± 0.01	18.03 ± 0.15
2	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v AC p.o.	1.77 ± 0.01*	11.16 ± 0.16*	153.19 ± 0.60*	1.77 ± 0.048*	1.61 ± 0.03*	2.24 ± 0.06*	25.81 ± 0.30*
3	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + cystone 750 mg/kg p.o.	4.85 + 0.07***#	6.43 ± 0.03***#	123.50 + 0.27**#	0.75 ± 0.055#	0.52 ± 0.01#	1.42 ± 0.04*#	19.57 ± 0.29**#
4	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + diosmin 10 mg/kg p.o.	3.97 ± 0.05*#	7.55 ± 0.04*#	131.88 ± 0.80*#	1.07 ± 0.03*#	0.81 ± 0.02*#	1.79 ± 0.07*#	22.20 ± 0.26*#
5	0.75% v/v EG + 2% w/v  AC + diosmin 20 mg/kg p.o.	4.76 ± 0.06*#	6.69 ± 0.09*#	124.66 ± 0.35*#	0.77 ± 0.029#	0.54 ± 0.07*#	1.57 ± 0.05*#	20.09 ± 0.23*#

Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6). p.o., per oral; v/v, volume by volume; w/v, weight by volume; EG, ethylene glycol; AC, ammonium chloride.

* p < 0.001.

** p < 0.05 versus control group.

# p < 0.001 versus EG + AC treated group.

Figure 1. Histopathological examination findings of rats of different groups (H&E × 10). Normal organisation of tubular epithelial cells and glomeruli in kidneys of untreated control animals showed (a). Moderate crystal depositions, tubular cystic dilation, cloudy swelling of proximal convoluted tubules and mild multifocal infiltration of lymphocytes in the interstitium with dilated collecting tubules in the urolithiatic control group (b). Mild congestion in glomeruli without any changes in blood vessel or tubules was seen in cystone^® treated group (c). Mild cystic dilation of tubules, congestion of interstitum and mild inflammation were observed in rats treated with diosmin 10 mg/kg (d). And diosmin 20 mg/kg treated animals showed only mild congestion of the glomeruli without any changes in blood vessels and tubules (e).