Ficus recemosa bark extract attenuates diabetic complications and oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. HPTLC profiling of lupeol in EEFSB; (a) chemical structure of lupeol; (b) 3D chromatogram of lupeol standard and EEFSB.

Table 1. Estimation of serum parameters Effect of EEFSB on serum parameters.

	Serum parameters
	Diabetic marker	Lipid profile				Serum cardiac markers			Serum kidney markers
Dose	Glucose (mg/dL)	TG (mg/dL)	T-CHO (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	CK (U/L)	LDH (U/L)	CRP (mg/dL)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	BUN (mg/dL)	Albumin(g/dL)
CON	98.58 ± 9.50	60.3 ± 2.73	65.5 ± 2.45	25.5 ± 1.24	69.23 ± 1.11	228 ± 41.53	862.3 ± 48.36	0.99 ± 0.27	0.25 ± 0.03	16.7 ± 0.745	2.3 ± 0.18
DC	503 ± 9.36***^a	138 ± 4.53***^a	166.7 ± 3.94***^a	74.9 ± 3.96***^a	27.5 ± 1.88***^a	1393.2 ± 318.5***^a	1730 ± 110.4***^a	7.02 ± 0.65***^a	0.9 ± 0.18***^a	43.67 ± 3.55***^a	0.098 ± 0.19***^a
T200	186.2 ± 7.90***^b	81.7 ± 3.46***^b	93.22 ± 4.70***^b	33.86 ± 0.35***^b	52.76 ± 2.01***^b	876.7 ± 17.80***^b	1027.5 ± 41.37***^b	2.29 ± 0.46***^b	0.26 ± 0.03***^b	31.82 ± 0.80***^b	2.36 ± 0.11***^b
T400	130.9 ± 11.89***^b	71.63 ± 0.80***^b	75.16 ± 2.70***^b	20.87 ± 1.35***^b	50.65 ± 2.49***^b	363.2 ± 55.8***^b	953 ± 53.45***^b	1.92 ± 0.29***^b	0.26 ± 0.05***^b	21.67 ± 1.57***^b	2.27 ± 0.09***^b

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of eight animals (n = 8), CON, normal control; DC, diabetic control; T₂₀₀, diabetic treated with EEFSB (200 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.); T₄₀₀, diabetic treated with EEFSB (400 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.). Significantly different from the control group (p <0.001) = ***^a. Significantly different from diabetic control (p <0.001) = ^***b. One way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple range tests. TG, triglyceride; T-CHO, cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein, HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; CK, creatinine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 2. Effect of EEFSB on tissue and urine parameters.

	Tissue parameters
	Heart				Kidney			Urine markers
Dose	MDA (nmol/mg protein)	SOD (U/mg protein)	GSH (μg/mg protein)	Collagen (Mg/g wet tissue)	MDA (nmol/mg protein)	SOD	GSH (mg/dL)	Sodium (mmol/L)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Albumin (g/dL)
CON	0.19 ± 0.09	50.44 ± 2.18	2.37 ± 0.1006	0.09 ± 0.06	0.08 ± 0.023	146.6 ± 4.64	1.33 ± 0.005	135.5 ± 2.32	0.538 ± 0.035	0.21 ± 0.1
DC	1.0 ± 0.09***^a	29.23 ± 2.63***^a	0.75 ± 0.11***^a	0.67 ± 0.4***^a	0.39 ± 0.11*^a	56.71 ± 4.31***^a	0.48 ± 0.03**^a	297.4 ± 8.37***^a	1.23 ± 0.18***^a	2.2 ± 0.04***^a
T200	0.53 ± 0.04	34.20 ± 1.29***^b	1.03 ± 0.14***^b	0.56 ± 0.4	0.11 ± 0.07***^b	91.54 ± 4.76***^b	0.65 ± 0.39***^b	173.81 ± 1.63***^b	0.41 ± 0.02***^b	0.69 ± 0.19**^b
T400	0.25 ± 0.06**^b	48.39 ± 1.276***^b	2.13 ± 0.15***^b	0.25 ± 0.1*^b	0.09 ± 0.02***^b	134.8 ± 4.28***^b	0.96 ± 0.14***^b	152.4 ± 3.55***^b	0.59 ± 0.015***^b	0.64 ± 0.02***^b

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of eight animals (n = 8), CON, normal control; DC, diabetic control; T₂₀₀, diabetic treated with EEFSB (200 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.); T_400, diabetic treated with EEFSB (400 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.). Significantly different from control group (p <0.001) = ***^a. Significantly different from the control group (p <0.01) = **^a. Significantly different from the diabetic control group (p <0.05) = *^a; Significantly different from diabetic control (p <0.001) = ***^b. Significantly different from the diabetic control group (p <0.01) =**^b. Significantly different from the diabetic control group (p <0.05) = ^*b. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple range tests. MDA, malondialdehyde ; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, reduced glutathione.

Table 3. Estimation of hypertrophic index.

Parameter	CON	DC	T200	T400
LV hypertrophic Index (mg/mm)	12.76 ± 0.6537	19.56 ± 0.5636***^a	17.69 ± 0.674***^b	12.69 ± 0.7022***^b
Cardiac hypertrophic Index (mg/mm)	15.58 ± 0.7073	22.54 ± 0.6644***^a	19.56 ± 0.5454***^b	16.52 ± 0.5763***^b

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of eight animals (n = 8). CON, normal control; DC, diabetic control; T₂₀₀, diabetic treated with EEFSB (200 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.); T₄₀₀, diabetic treated with EEFSB (400 mg kg⁻¹/d, p.o.). Significantly different from the control group (p <0.001) = ***^a. Significantly different from diabetic control (p <0.001) = ***^b. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple range tests.

Figure 2. Haematoxylin–eosin (H & E) staining of cardiac sections of (a) control; (b) diabetic control; (c) siabetic treated with 200 mg kg⁻¹ of EEFSB; (d) diabetic treated with 400 mg kg⁻¹ of EEFSB. The images were taken under ×400 magnification.

Figure 3. H & E staining of kidney sections of (a) control; (b) diabetic control; (c) diabetic treated with 200 mg kg⁻¹ of EEFSB; (d) diabetic treated with 400 mg kg⁻¹ of EEFSB. The images were taken under ×400 magnifications.