Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic, and antioxidant activity of Syzygium densiflorum fruits in streptozotocin and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Time course of blood glucose level in normal, glibenclamide and EFSD administered rats during oral glucose tolerance test.

	Blood glucose (mg/dl) at various time (min) interval
	−30	0	30	60	120
Disease control	66.66 ± 3.84	66.66 ± 3.84	158.66 ± 2.02	105.00 ± 2.08	64.33 ± 0.88
Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt)^a	71.00 ± 1.52	65.66 ± 4.09	83.67 ± 1.45*	60.33 ± 1.45*	58.67 ± 2.4
EFSD (200 mg/kg b.wt)^a	67.00 ± 6.65	72.67 ± 1.2	140.00 ± 1.73*	94.33 ± 2.02*	64.33 ± 1.85

^a Comparison of glibenclamide and EFSD administered rats versus disease control.

Level of significance:

* p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Changes in the feed (g) and water (ml) intake, where plotted values represents mean ± SEM of feed (g) and water (ml) intake, in which ^acomparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control, ^bcomparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA). The level of significance: *p < 0.05.

Table 2. Effect of EFSD in the body weight, urine level, HbA1c and Hb.

	Normal control	Disease control (STZ + NA)^a	Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (200 mg/kg b.wt)^b^,^c	EFSD (400 mg/ kg b.wt)^b^,^c	EFSD (800 mg/ kg b.wt)^b^,^c
Body weight (g) Initial	186.7 ± 3.96	175.8 ± 4.47	174.8 ± 7.85	179.5 ± 3.52	178.7 ± 9.17	186.6 ± 3.47
Final	192.3 ± 4.07	185.7 ± 5.93	181.6 ± 5.99	181.2 ± 3.60	179.3 ± 9.66	187 ± 4.69
Urine volume (ml/d)	8.33 ± 0.33	100.7 ± 0.88***	19 ± 0.57***	47.33 ± 1.2***	14.33 ± 1.2***	10 ± 0.56***
HbA1c%	5.153 ± 0.29	8.049 ± 0.55***	4.263 ± 0.29***	6.859 ± 0.28	6.006 ± 0.33**	5.285 ± 0.19***
Hb (g/dl)	13.69 ± 0.58	7.955 ± 0.42***	11.83 ± 0.5***	11.32 ± 0.42	11.54 ± 1.17**	11.75 ± 0.73***

^a Comparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control.

^b Comparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA).

^c Comparison of treated group versus glibenclamide-treated group (STZ + NA).

Level of significance:

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001.

Figure 2. Effect of EFSD on BGL in diabetic rats, where plotted values are mean ± SEM, in which ^acomparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control, ^bcomparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA). The level of significance: **p < 0.01.

Table 3. Effect of EFSD in renal function parameters: urea, uric acid and CR levels.

	Normal control	Disease control (STZ + NA)^a	Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (200 mg/ kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (400 mg/ kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (800 mg/ kg b.wt)^b
Urea (mg/dl)	44.6 ± 1.62	75.37 ± 2.9**	42.09 ± 2.37**	44.52 ± 1.66**	42.51 ± 2.24**	40.32 ± 1.96**
Uric acid (mg/dl)	1.1 ± 0.05	2.155 ± 0.05**	1.597 ± 0.07**	1.478 ± 0.08**	1.403 ± 0.07**	1.197 ± 0.07**
Creatinine (mg/dl)	2.083 ± 0.08	3.167 ± 0.03	2.333 ± 0.4	2.667 ± 0.22	2.417 ± 0.36	1.833 ± 0.16**

^a Comparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control.

^b Comparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA).

Level of significance:

** p < 0.01.

Table 4. Effect of EFSD in lipid profiles: TC, HDL-C and TG.

	Normal control	Disease control (STZ + NA)^a	Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (200 mg/ kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (400 mg/ kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (800 mg/ kg b.wt)^b
TC (mg/dl)	88.08 ± 5.88	139.7 ± 5.95**	98.24 ± 4.08***	110.8 ± 1.93***	110.8 ± 4.47***	89.30 ± 5.14***
HDL-C (mg/dl)	17.02 ± 1.98	6.97 ± 0.84**	13.38 ± 1.41**	10.99 ± 1.04	13.12 ± 1.29	14.2 ± 1.11**
TG (mg/dl)	76.28 ± 5.95	108.9 ± 3.61**	80.65 ± 4.14***	85.39 ± 5.31***	82.90 ± 4.32***	79.65 ± 2.52***

^a Comparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control.

^b Comparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA).

Level of significance:

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001.

Figure 3. Changes in the liver glycogen level after the treatment of EFSD in various concentrations, where plotted values are mean ± SEM of liver glycogen of normal control group, disease control (STZ + NA) group, glibenclamide treated group (10 mg/kg b.wt), EFSD (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.wt) treated groups, in which ^acomparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control, ^bcomparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA). The level of significance: **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Figure 4. Changes in the total protein after the treatment in all experimental groups, where plotted values are mean ± SEM of total protein concentration, in which ^acomparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control, ^bcomparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA). The level of significance: *p < 0.05.

Table 5. Effect of EFSD in the oxidative markers: LPO, SOD, CAT, GSH and Vit-C.

Normal control		Disease control (STZ + NA)^a	Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (200 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (400 mg/kg b.wt)^b	EFSD (800 mg/kg b.wt)^b
LPO (μm/ml)
Liver	5.725 ± 0.39	8.065 ± 0.34***	6.868 ± 0.25**	6.836 ± 0.52*	6.558 ± 0.69*	5.821 ± 0.98***
Kidney	6.120 ± 0.25	8.407 ± 0.19***	7.125 ± 0.07**	7.360 ± 0.26*	7.253 ± 0.11*	6.804 ± 0.16***
SOD (unit of enzyme/g of tissue)
Liver	541.8 ± 31.02	194.0 ± 4.59***	516.8 ± 26.58***	387.5 ± 8.553*	426.0 ± 29.81***	494.7 ± 5.09***
Kidney	248.5 ± 10.17	53.93 ± 2.22***	176.4 ± 4.98***	130.8 ± 3.1*	163.8 ± 3.6***	219.5 ± 10.28***
CAT (μm of H2O2 decomposed/  min/g of tissue)
Liver	423.2 ± 37.21	103.2 ± 10.32***	247.7 ± 30.96***	175.5 ± 22.5*	268.4 ± 13.65***	361.3 ± 5.161***
Kidney	160.0 ± 5.16	25.80 ± 5.1***	113.5 ± 5.6***	67.09 ± 5.16*	87.73 ± 5.16***	108.4 ± 8.93***
GSH (μg/ml)
Liver	6.833 ± 0.29	2.513 ± 0.18***	5.271 ± 0.17***	3.132 ± 0.2	5.577 ± 0.15***	6.035 ± 0.23***
Kidney	6.069 ± 0.31	2.471 ± 0.2***	3.463 ± 0.1***	2.063 ± 0.05	5.373 ± 0.08***	5.823 ± 0.08***
Vit-C (μg/ml)
Liver	9.022 ± 0.15	5.896 ± 0.15***	7.020 ± 0.26***	6.598 ± 0.17	7.108 ± 0.19**	9.022 ± 0.15***
Kidney	11.43 ± 0.16	9.110 ± 0.21***	9.654 ± 0.45***	9.233 ± 0.25	9.408 ± 0.16**	9.584 ± 0.09***

^a Comparison of disease control (STZ + NA) versus normal control.

^b Comparison of treated group versus disease control (STZ + NA).

Level of significance:

* p < 0.05;

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001.

Figure 5. Histopathology analysis of pancreas (Magnification HE. 40×), it illustrates (A) normal Islets of Langerhans with granulated cytoplasm and acini tissues in normal rat, (B) irregular necrotic pancreatic acini (marked with circle) and cytoplasmic degeneration (short arrow) also irregular outlining (long arrow) in the STZ − NA-induced disease control (STZ + NA) and (C) glibenclamide treated and (D) EFSD (800 mg/kg b.wt) treated shows restoration in the islets of Langerhans (short arrow) and regular lining of pancreatic acini around the Langerhans (marked with circle).