Anti-proliferative properties of commercial Pelargonium sidoides tincture, with cell-cycle G₀/G₁ arrest and apoptosis in Jurkat leukaemia cells

Figures & data

Figure 1. Base peak chromatogram of PS extract obtained in negative ionisation mode. Number of peaks refer to compounds tentatively identified in Table 1.

Table 1. Proposed phenolic compounds identified from the PST.

Peak	RT, min	Accurate mass [M–H]^-	Proposed formula	Error ppm	MS/MS fragments	Wavelength nm	Proposed compound	Reference
1	1.4	191.0190	C6H7O7	−1.0		270	Citric acid	Phillips et al. (2010)
2	2.5	169.0134	C7H5O5	−1.8	125	271	Gallic acid	Kim et al. (2009)
3	3.1	272.9701	C9H5O8S	−1.5	193	324	Dihydroxycoumarin sulphate	Gödecke et al. (2005)
4	4.4	331.1027	C14H19O9	−0.6	169, 139	275	Koaburaside	Chung et al. (1997)
5	4.7	609.1240	C30H25O14	−0.7	423, 305, 177	273	GC–GC dimer	Callemien & Collin (2008)
6	4.9	611.1426	C30H27O14	4.1	423, 305, 167	270	GC–GC dimer	Callemien & Collin (2008)
7	5.4	913.1785	C45H37O21	−4.6	609, 423, 305	271	GC–GC–GC trimer	Callemien & Collin (2008)
8	5.7	272.9696	C9H5O8S	−1.1	193	339	Dihydroxycoumarin sulphate	Gödecke et al. (2005)
9	6.0	272.9703	C9H5O8S	−0.7	193	321	Dihydroxycoumarin sulphate	Gödecke et al. (2005)
10	7.4	611.1411	C30H27O14	1.6	423, 305, 167	270	GC–GC dimer	Callemien & Collin, 2008
11	8.0	286.9855	C10H7O8S	−2.4	207, 192	301	Hydroxymethoxycoumarin sulphate	Hauer et al. (2010)
12	8.4	913.1915	C45H37O21	9.6	609, 423, 305	270	GC–GC–GC trimer	Callemien & Collin (2008)
13	8.7	286.9864	C10H7O8S	0.7	207, 192	275, 335sh	Hydroxymethoxycoumarin sulphate	Hauer et al. (2010)
14	9.1	271.9915	C10H7O7S	1.1	191, 148	278, 335sh	Methoxycoumarin sulphate	Hauer et al. (2010)
15	9.2	321.0281	C11H13O9S	0.3	241, 167	275	Unknown	–
16	9.5	305.0695	C12H17O7S	−2	225	275	Unknown	–
17	9.8	383.0064	C15H11O10S	−2.3	303, 177, 125	284	GC/EGC sulphate	Schötz & Nöldner (2007)
18	10.0	523.1667	C21H31O15	0.8	477, 305, 293	275	Unknown	–
19	10.8	301.0031	C11H9O8S	4.3	221, 191	275	Dimethoxycoumarin sulphate	Hauer et al. (2010)
20	10.9	383.0079	C15H11O10S	−0.5	303, 177, 125	287	GC/EGC sulphate	Schötz & Nöldner (2007)
21	11.5	367.0121	C15H11O9S	−0.8	287, 152	275	Eriodictyol sulphate	Medina et al. (2012)
22	12.6	316.9976	C11H9O9S	2.8	237	320	Hydroxydimethoxycoumarin sulphate	Hauer et al. (2010)
23	13.0	301.0020	C11H9O8S	0.7	221, 191	296	Dimethoxycoumarin sulphate	Gödecke et al. (2005)
24	17.0	221.0453	C11H9O5	1.4	191, 163	327	Umckalin	Kayser & Kolodziej (1995)
25	17.6	435.1292	C21H23O10	0.2	273, 167	275	Afzelechin glucoside	Wen-Sheng et al. (1992)

Figure 2. Effect of PST on NCI-H460, MCF-7, SF-268 and Jurkat cell lines as determined with the MTT and SRB assays. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of PST for 72 h. Three independent experiments were conducted and error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Table 2. GI₅₀ values for PST and positive controls as determined with the SRB assay.

Drug	NCI-H460, μg/mL (μM)	MCF-7, μg/mL (μM)	SF-268, μg/mL (μM)	Jurkat, μg/mL (μM)
PST	80 ± 9.4^a	43 ± 7.2^b	60 ± 9.2^a	6.2 ± 0.5^b
DOX	0.03 ± 0.003 (0.06)^b	0.16 ± 0.02 (0.29)^c	0.15 ± 0.01 (0.27)^b	0.006 ± 0.0003 (0.01)^c
5FU	0.26 ± 0.03 (2.0)^b	10 ± 0.8 (80)^c	15 ± 2.4 (117)^b	9.7 ± 1.4 (75)^a

Each value is an average of three independent experiments. Means were compared separately for each cell line. Values marked with different letters, in each column, are statistically different at the 95% level of confidence. Values in bold parentheses represent concentrations in μM.

Figure 3. Cell-cycle analyses of Jurkat cells treated with PST for 72 h. Percentages of each phase are the results of two independent experiments with standard error of the mean.

Figure 4. Apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells treated with PST for 72 h. Unstained cells were used to gate for the viable cells, cells fixed with 70% ethanol and stained with propidium iodide for the dead cells and cells treated with 3% formaldehyde to gate the apoptotic cells. Percentages of each phase are the results of two independent experiments with standard error of the mean.

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