Chemical composition, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer and cytotoxic effects of Psidium guajava leaf extracts

Figures & data

Figure 1. Total antioxidant power of methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of P. guajava leaves.

Table 1. Free radical (DPPH) scavenging, antitumour, in vivo cytotoxic and in vitro anticancer activities of P. guajava leaf extracts (methanol, chloroform and hexane).

				In vitro anticancer activity, IC50 (μg/mL)
P. guajava leaf extracts and positive controls	DPPH, IC50 (μg/mL)	Antitumour activity, IC50 (μg/mL)	In vivo cytotoxic activity, LC50 (μg/mL)	KBM5	SCC4	U266
Methanol	89.82 ± 0.55^a	337.4 ± 1.31^c	63.81 ± 2.65^b	51.65 ± 0.64^d	70.25 ± 3.12^b	89.55 ± 4.77^a
Chloroform	211.1 ± 1.08^b	160.7 ± 0.92^d	41.05 ± 3.19^a	41.35 ± 6.65^c	55.66 ± 2.46^d	26.72 ± 2.72^b
Hexane	426.8 ± 0.19^c	65.02 ± 2.46^b	32.18 ± 0.24^d	22.73 ± 2.55^f	22.82 ± 2.36^a	20.97 ± 4.39^d
Gallic acid	20.08 ± 1.47^d	–	–	–	–	–
Ascorbic acid	31.23 ± 0.93^e	–	–	–	–	–
Vincristine sulphate	–	3.41 ± 0.07^a	–	–	–	–
Cyclophosaphamide	–	–	4.35 ± 0.74^c	–	–	–
Doxorubicin	–	–	–	4.52	10.71	5.36

(–) = not tested. Mean with different superscript letters (a,b,c,d,e,f) in the same column indicate significant (p < 0.05) difference among the tested solvent extracts and positive controls.

Table 2. Chemical components of methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of P. guajava analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

Components	Retention time	Methanol extract	Chloroform extract	Hexane extract
Hydroxydimethylacetic acid	5.19	–	3.018	–
Tridecyl trifluoroacetate	13.88	–	2.543	–
n-Cetane	14.47	–	2.229	–
Farnesan	15.59	–	3.396	–
Pyrogallol	16.10	35.18	–	–
α-Copaene	16.42	11.92	–	2.18
Caryophyllene	17.21	6.36	–	8.43
Aromandendrene	17.35	3.48	–	–
Dodecyliodide	17.83	–	3.170	–
Heneicosane	17.83	–	–	6.28
Alloarmadendrene	17.89	2.52	2.182	–
γ-Muurolene	18.04	2.30	–	–
Eicosane	18.08	–	3.637	–
Tetracosane	18.09	–	–	2.77
β-Bisabolene	18.41	2.23	–	–
β –Chamigrene	18.58	–	6.492	–
α-Calacorene	19.11	–	3.260	–
Cetene	19.50	–	2.238	–
Caryophyllene oxide	19.83	19.71	–	–
α-Bulnesene	19.83	–	–	11.37
Epiglobulol	20.13	2.64	–	–
Ledol	20.14	–	–	2.38
cis-Thujopsene	20.40	3.56	–	–
Copaene	20.69	–	–	3.27
Culmorin	21.15	1.43	–	–
E-15-Heptadecenal	23.13	–	17.78	–
cis-Z-α-Bisabolene epoxide	23.48	1.86	–	–
Palmitic acid	27.27	5.05	30.73	–
Stearic acid	31.15	1.76	8.86	–
Hexachlorodisiloxane	32.55	–	2.95	–
Squalene	40.22	–	–	15.36
Vitamin E	44.12	–	–	30.70
γ-Sitosterol	47.63	–	–	17.26

Figure 2. Anticancer activity of (A) methanol, (B) chloroform and (C) hexane extracts of P. guajava leaves against KBM5, SCC4 and U266 cell lines. Data are represented as mean ± SD. Mean with different small letters in the same cell line indicate significant (p < 0.05) difference with respect to concentrations tested. Mean with different capital letters at the same concentration indicate significant (p < 0.05) difference with respect to cell line tested. Each cell line (KBM5, SCC4 and U266) was incubated with different doses (10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) of each extract (methanol, chloroform and hexane).

Figure 3. Inhibition of TNF-α induced NF-κB activation by hexane extract of P. guajava leaves. KBM-5 cells were pre incubated with different doses (10, 25 and 50 μg/mL) of hexane extract of P. guajava leaves for 12 h; treated with 0.1 nM TNF-α and subjected to EMSA for NF-κB activation.