Landolphia owariensis leaf extracts reduce parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Phytochemical constituents of L. owariensis leaf.

Phytoconstituent	LOE	LOHF	LOEF	LOMF
Alkaloids	++	–	–	+++
Flavonoids	++	–	++++	+++
Resins	+	++++	+++	–
Saponins	++	–	+	+++
Steroids	+	++++	++	–
Tannins	++++	–	+	+++
Terpenoids	+	+++	+	–
Acidity	+++	–	+	+++
Carbohydrates	++++	–	–	++++
Fats and oil	+	+++	+	+
Glycosides	+++	–	++	++++
Proteins	+++	–	–	+++
Reducing sugars	+++	–	–	+++

LOE: methanol extract; LOHF: hexane fraction; LOEF: ethyl acetate fraction; LOMF: methanol fraction; –: absent;  +: mildly present; ++: moderately present; +++: highly present;  ++++: abundantly present.

Figure 1. High-performance liquid chromatogram of L. owariensis leaf methanol extract.

Figure 2. High-performance liquid chromatogram of L. owariensis leaf ethyl acetate fraction.

Figure 3. High-performance liquid chromatogram of L. owariensis leaf methanol fraction.

Figure 4. Suppressive activity of L. owariensis leaf extract and fractions in P. berghei infected mice.

Figure 5. Suppressive activity (%) versus log dose of L. owariensis leaf extract and fractions.

Table 2. Curative activity of L. owariensis leaf extract and fractions in P. berghei malarial mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Parasitemia (%)
		Pretreatment	Day 5	Day 6	Day 7	Day 8
LOE	200	24.50 ± 1.09	11.83 ± 0.31^a (51.71)	8.67 ± 0.42^a (64.61)	6.83 ± 0.48^a (72.12)	4.67 ± 0.33^a (80.94)
	400	25.80 ± 0.60	10.80 ± 0.31^a (58.14)	7.00 ± 0.45^a (72.87)	4.00 ± 0.68^a (84.50)	3.00 ± 0.26^a (88.37)
	800	20.50 ± 1.06	9.17 ± 0.54^a (55.27)	4.33 ± 0.33^a (78.88)	3.17 ± 0.40^a (84.54)	2.33 ± 0.21^a (88.63)
LOHF	200	23.33 ± 1.28	16.83 ± 1.49^a (27.86)	13.33 ± 0.56^a (42.86)	11.17 ± 0.60^a (52.12)	8.50 ± 0.43^a (63.57)
	400	23.17 ± 1.42	18.67 ± 1.28^a (19.42)	12.17 ± 0.60^a (47.48)	9.33 ± 0.42^a (59.73)	5.83 ± 0.48^a (74.84)
	800	26.40 ± 1.08	19.40 ± 0.49^b (26.52)	14.40 ± 0.61^a (45.45)	10.60 ± 0.42^a (59.85)	5.00 ± 0.37^a (81.06)
LOEF	200	23.33 ± 1.12	18.17 ± 0.48^a (22.12)	13.83 ± 0.60^a (40.72)	10.67 ± 0.49^a (54.26)	6.83 ± 0.31^a (70.72)
	400	22.33 ± 1.02	15.67 ± 1.38^a (29.83)	11.67 ± 1.28^a (47.74)	7.67 ± 0.88^a (65.65)	6.83 ± 0.48^a (69.41)
	800	21.50 ± 0.99	14.67 ± 0.67^a (31.77)	8.67 ± 0.56^a (59.67)	3.67 ± 0.56^a (82.93)	5.00 ± 0.37^a (76.74)
LOMF	200	24.50 ± 1.31	13.17 ± 0.65^a (46.24)	7.50 ± 0.62^a (69.39)	4.67 ± 0.67^a (80.94)	2.83 ± 0.31^a (88.45)
	400	22.17 ± 1.30	8.33 ± 0.71^a (62.43)	3.50 ± 0.34^a (84.21)	2.67 ± 0.61^a (87.96)	1.83 ± 0.31^a (91.75)
	800	23.17 ± 1.14	7.50 ± 1.12^a (67.63)	3.67 ± 0.92^a (84.16)	2.33 ± 0.33^a (89.94)	1.33 ± 0.33^a (94.26)
Chloroquine	5	23.50 ± 1.48	6.00 ± 0.63^a (74.47)	3.33 ± 0.42^a (85.83)	1.33 ± 0.33^a (94.34)	1.00 ± 0.37^a (95.74)
Control	–	22.00 ± 1.26	23.83 ± 0.65	26.00 ± 1.59	27.40 ± 1.33	33.60 ± 1.23

n = 6. LOE: methanol extract; LOHF: hexane fraction; LOEF: ethyl acetate fraction; LOMF: methanol fraction.

^a p < 0.001.

^b p < 0.01 compared with control (Dunnett's multiple comparison test); values in parenthesis represent decrease in parasitemia (%) relative to pretreatment value.

Table 3. Effect of L. owariensis leaf extract and fractions on mortality of P. berghei malarial mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Survival (days)	Post- day 30 survival
			Number of surviving animals	Survival (%)
LOE	200	23.33 ± 2.85	1/6	16.67
	400	24.60 ± 2.19	1/6	16.67
	800	32.17 ± 3.58^b	3/6	50
LOHF	200	23.33 ± 2.31	0/6	0
	400	23.83 ± 2.36	1/6	16.67
	800	26.17 ± 2.07	1/6	16.67
LOEF	200	22.20 ± 1.92	1/6	16.67
	400	29.00 ± 1.37	2/6	33.33
	800	30.83 ± 1.82^c	4/6	66.67
LOMF	200	29.17 ± 1.49	3/6	50
	400	28.50 ± 3.46	3/6	50
	800	35.33 ± 5.16^a	5/6	83.33
Chloroquine	5	32.17 ± 4.85^b	4/6	66.67
Control	–	17.50 ± 2.05	0/6	0

n = 6. LOE: methanol extract; LOHF: hexane fraction; LOEF: ethyl acetate fraction; LOMF: methanol fraction.

^a p < 0.001.

^b p < 0.01.

^c p < 0.05 compared with control (Dunnett's multiple comparison test).

Table 4. Prophylactic effect of L. owariensis leaf extract and fractions in P. berghei-infected mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Parasitemia (%)	Inhibition of parasitemia (%)	Body weight (g)
				Day 1	Day 8
LOE	200	4.67 ± 0.33*	86.10	25.85 ± 0.86	28.19 ± 0.64^a (9.05)
	400	3.80 ± 0.31*	88.69	26.60 ± 1.20	28.74 ± 1.19^a (8.05)
	800	2.83 ± 0.31*	91.58	24.69 ± 1.56	27.98 ± 1.34^a (13.33)
LOHF	200	8.50 ± 0.43*	74.70	26.67 ± 2.20	28.38 ± 2.18^a (6.41)
	400	5.83 ± 0.48*	82.65	30.51 ± 1.93	32.78 ± 1.99^a (6.92)
	800	5.00 ± 0.37*	85.12	30.45 ± 1.90	32.89 ± 1.72^a (8.01)
LOEF	200	7.83 ± 0.31*	76.70	26.10 ± 1.45	28.73 ± 1.65^a (10.08)
	400	6.83 ± 0.48*	79.67	29.25 ± 1.58	31.58 ± 1.79^a (7.97)
	800	5.33 ± 0.33*	84.14	25.29 ± 1.28	28.58 ± 1.30^a (13.01)
LOMF	200	3.50 ± 0.43*	89.58	25.81 ± 1.22	29.27 ± 0.72^a (13.41)
	400	2.83 ± 0.31*	91.58	28.53 ± 0.98	32.09 ± 1.17^a (12.48)
	800	1.33 ± 0.33*	96.04	27.44 ± 1.23	31.60 ± 1.02^a (15.16)
Chloroquine	5	1.00 ± 0.37*	97.02	28.20 ± 0.79	32.3 ± 0.99^a (14.54)
Control	–	33.60 ± 1.23	–	30.46 ± 1.82	27.80 ± 1.38^b(NWI)

n = 6. LOE: methanol extract; LOHF: hexane fraction; LOEF: ethyl acetate fraction; LOMF: methanol fraction.

* p < 0.001 compared with control (Dunnett's multiple comparison test). Values in parenthesis represent increase in weight (%) relative to day 1 weight.

^a Weight gain significant (p < 0.001) compared with control (Dunnett's multiple comparison test).

^b 8.73% reduction in weight; NWI, no weight increase.