Healing effects of sumac (Rhus coriaria) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. The effect of lyophilized fruit extract of sumac on the body weight of rats >21 d of treatment.

Table 1. Effects of plant extract on blood glucose levels.

	Groups
Blood glucose (mg/dl)	Normal control	Diabetic group	DM + AC-20^1	DM + Extract-100^2	DM + Extract-250^3	DM + Extract-500^4
Before consumption
	123.23 ± 4.82	567.20 ± 23.61	434.61 ± 36.22	404.82 ± 39.41	423.29 ± 50.42	425.27 ± 46.63
After consumption
1 h	126.80 ± 9.20	556.44 ± 23.11	356.41 ± 49.12^b	370.01 ± 42.80	382.41 ± 42.91	412.03 ± 42.42
3 h	118.61 ± 9.91	560.63 ± 27.72	355.01 ± 57.51^b	336.62 ± 48.01^b	361.60 ± 31.42^b	372.03 ± 19.53^b
6 h	126.64 ± 4.34	569.02 ± 32.83	371.03 ± 62.02	349.63 ± 50.42	390.60 ± 50.51	410.01 ± 45.20
Day 0	98.01 ± 9.33	434.39 ± 53.91	473.38 ± 28.82	445.82 ± 58.31	417.80 ± 42.10	408.83 ± 45.42
Day 7	99.63 ± 15.87	424.42 ± 53.81	397.42 ± 51.43^c	453.81 ± 55.50	381.82 ± 54.53	378.42 ± 65.92
Day 14	101.62 ± 10.14	484.45 ± 68.81	379.51 ± 45.62^c	403.83 ± 51.02	349.90 ± 40.31^c	373.40 ± 58.01
Day 21	97.07 ± 10.21	526.51 ± 57.52^c	359.43 ± 52.01^c	389.90 ± 56.31	321.80 ± 52.93^c	367.41 ± 53.55

Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test, when appropriate (n = 7). Differences between groups were considered to be significant when (p < 0.05).

^bWhen 0 h (before consumption) extract were compared with 1, 3 and 6 h (after consumption) (p < 0.05).

^cWhen Day 0 were compared with (day 7, 14 and 21) at all groups (p < 0.05).

¹Acarbose (20 mg/kg, per day) treated to diabetic group.

²R. coriaria lyophilized extract (100 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

³R. coriaria lyophilized extract (250 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁴R. coriaria lyophilized extract (500 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

Table 2. Effects of plant extract on lipid profile.

	Groups
Parameters	Normal control	Diabetic group	DM + AC-20^1	DM + Extract-100^2	DM + Extract-250^3	DM + Extract-500^4
TG^5	52.20 ± 5.75	117.62 ± 10.53^a	71.67 ± 11.63^a^,^b	92.82 ± 6.92^a^,^b	70.53 ± 11.52^a^,^b	49.45 ± 6.46^b
TC^6	49.21 ± 3.96	60.63 ± 6.54^a	41.44 ± 6.25^a^,^b	43.90 ± 2.36^a^,^b	52.81 ± 2.31^a^,^b	44.72 ± 4.15^b
HDL-C^7	23.03 ± 3.83	21.10 ± 3.62	17.76 ± 4.97^a	19.61 ± 4.17	24.43 ± 5.18	19.11 ± 4.71
LDL-C^8	13.54 ± 2.74	16.05 ± 1.01^a	9.44 ± 1.43^a^,^b	6.03 ± 0.88^a^,^b	9.97 ± 1.74^a^,^b	11.53 ± 2.54^b

Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test, when appropriate (n = 7). Differences between groups were considered to be significant when (p < 0.05).

^aDifferent from the control group.

^bDifferent from the diabetes mellitus group.

¹Acarbose (20 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

²R. coriaria lyophilized extract (100 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

³R. coriaria lyophilized extract (250 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁴R. coriaria lyophilized extract (500 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁵Triglyceride.

⁶Total cholesterol.

⁷High-density lipoprotein.

⁸Low-density lipoprotein.

Table 3. Effects of plant extract on liver and renal serum biomarkers.

	Groups
Parameters	Normal control	Diabetic group	DM + AC-20^1	DM + Extract-100^2	DM + Extract-250^3	DM + Extract-500^4
AST^5 (U/L)	118.40 ± 21.01	1952.10 ± 173.73^a	260.95 ± 18.43^a^,^b	253.80 ± 34.76^a^,^b	253.91 ± 32.61^a^,^b	221.64 ± 12.22^a^,^b
ALT^6 (U/L)	41.70 ± 4.51	843.31 ± 88.20^a	97.63 ± 10.30^a^,^b	132.23 ± 17.07^a^,^b	107.24 ± 14.42^a^,^b	76.53 ± 3.43^a^,^b
LDH^7 (U/L)	945.72 ± 68.03	1628.92 ± 211.51^a	1018.64 ± 105.01^b	1482.14 ± 72.93^a	1290.05 ± 158.18^a^,^b	1059.11 ± 32.85^a^,^b
ALP^8 (U/L)	183.41 ± 22.81	866.41 ± 81.55^a	517.72 ± 65.82^a^,^b	303.85 ± 39.52^a^,^b	446.03 ± 58.33^a^,^b	463.30 ± 66.07^a^,^b
CRE^9 (mg/dl)	0.42 ± 0.01	0.53 ± 0.01^a	0.51 ± 0.01^a	0.40 ± 0.03^b	0.41 ± 0.02^b	0.40 ± 0.02^b
Urea (mg/dl)	55.61 ± 6.90	105.63 ± 7.44^a	64.02 ± 3.01^a^,^b	54.02 ± 6.91^b	75.95 ± 10.63^a^,^b	75.24 ± 4.93^a^,^b

Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test, when appropriate (n = 7). Differences between groups were considered to be significant when (p < 0.05).

^a Different from the control group.

^b Different from the diabetes mellitus group.

¹ Acarbose (20 mg/kg, per day) treated to diabetic group.

² R. coriaria lyophilized extract (100 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

³ R. coriaria lyophilized extract (250 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁴ R. coriaria lyophilized extract (500 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁵ Aspartate aminotransferase.

⁶ Alanine aminotransferase.

⁷ Lactate dehydrogenase.

⁸ Alkaline phosphatase.

⁹ Creatinine.

Figure 2. The effect of lyophilized fruit extract of sumac on the glucose levels of rats >21 d of treatment.

Table 4. Effects of plant extract on serum glucose, glycosylated Hb, serum insulin, serum C-peptide levels and α-glucosidase activity in small intestine tissue.

	Groups
Parameters	Normal control	Diabetic group	DM + AC-20^1	DM + Extract-100^2	DM + Extract-250^3	DM + Extract-500^4
Glycosylated Hb (Hb%)	3.44 ± 0.10	7.13 ± 0.82^a	5.21 ± 0.64^a^,^b	4.81 ± 1.04^a^,^b	5.42 ± 0.48^a^,^b	5.64 ± 0.51^a^,^b
Serum insulin (pg/ml)	196.28 ± 35.93	145.82 ± 18.41^a	198.74 ± 35.33^b	233.72 ± 57.45^b	296.74 ± 48.23^a^,^b	215.22 ± 34.41^b
Serum C-peptide (pg/ml)	126.43 ± 26.54	117.75 ± 27.33	153.72 ± 47.70	135.25 ± 33.63	151.12 ± 45.20	132.44 ± 38.63
α-Glucosidase (U/mg protein)	2.872 ± 0.648	14.554 ± 1.648^a	9.519 ± 1.523^a^,^b	10.316 ± 1.274^a^,^b	11.181 ± 1.283^a^,^b	12.024 ± 1.848^a^,^b

^aWhen NC group were compared with DM, DM + AC-20, DM + RC-100, DM + RC-250 ve DM + RC-500 groups (p < 0.05).

^bWhen DM group were compared with DM + AC-20, DM + QB-100, DM + QB-250 and DM + QB-500 groups (p < 0.05).

¹Acarbose (20 mg/kg, per day) treated to diabetic group.

²R. coriaria lyophilized extract (100 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

³R. coriaria lyophilized extract (250 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁴R. coriaria lyophilized extract (500 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

Table 5. Effects of plant extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems.

	Groups
Parameters	Normal control	Diabetic group	DM + AC-20^1	DM + Extract-100^2	DM + Extract-250^3	DM + Extract-500^4
Small intestine
MDA nmol/g	46.19 ± 8.28	49.65 ± 5.50	50.51 ± 3.86	45.44 ± 8.28	41.44 ± 3.68^b	43.28 ± 5.95
GSH mg/g	33.54 ± 3.07	31.48 ± 2.83	27.41 ± 1.40^a^,^b	28.33 ± 2.14^a^,^b	26.22 ± 2.66^a^,^b	26.03 ± 2.89^a^,^b
GST U/g	12.47 ± 1.54	14.70 ± 2.03	13.33 ± 1.03	12.67 ± 1.22	11.02 ± 0.97^b	12.22 ± 1.28^b
GR U/g	1.52 ± 0.14	1.36 ± 0.20	1.47 ± 0.17	1.36 ± 0.07^a	1.32 ± 0.07^a	1.32 ± 0.13^a
CAT U/g	35.36 ± 7.12	31.64 ± 4.09	34.61 ± 4.41	35.73 ± 3.73	33.50 ± 3.15	34.61 ± 3.38
GPx U/g	62.04 ± 4.88	32.38 ± 9.50^a	39.53 ± 7.17^a	36.17 ± 1.53^a	34.07 ± 3.29^a	34.70 ± 4.43^a
SOD U/g	2200.11 ± 117.26	2166.15 ± 39.85	2172.52 ± 35.81	2166.95 ± 23.69	2174.57 ± 35.67	2169.17 ± 18.47
Brain
MDA nmol/g	41.55 ± 4.73	68.00 ± 3.79^a	65.95 ± 9.46^a	44.79 ± 5.89^b	41.55 ± 7.85^b	50.19 ± 6.43^a^,^b
GSH mg/g	81.83 ± 11.30	71.15 ± 2.70^a	79.17 ± 3.82^b	81.80 ± 6.93^b	79.96 ± 7.61^b	77.60 ± 9.28
GST U/g	19.19 ± 1.03	22.45 ± 1.09^a	21.56 ± 1.00^a	20.27 ± 1.15^b	22.09 ± 1.09^a	22.15 ± 1.94^a
GR U/g	0.54 ± 0.07	0.36 ± 0.09^a	0.48 ± 0.06^b	0.36 ± 0.05^a	0.36 ± 0.04^a	0.38 ± 0.09^a
CAT U/g	34.34 ± 4.46	25.12 ± 2.80^a	32.94 ± 2.52^b	29.31 ± 3.13^a^,^b	29.03 ± 3.11^a^,^b	29.31 ± 3.63^a^,^b
GPx U/g	56.93 ± 8.22	38.26 ± 5.95^a	45.83 ± 4.85^a^,^b	42.30 ± 6.06^a	46.33 ± 4.95^a	39.77 ± 6.47^a
SOD U/g	1765.22 ± 53.87	1670.23 ± 58.41^a	1506.00 ± 84.97^a^,^b	1449.98 ± 56.55^a^,^b	1585.23 ± 72.95^a^,^b	1554.14 ± 71.94^a^,^b
Kidney
MDA nmol/g	32.59 ± 4.60	66.05 ± 6.95^a	50.73 ± 7.51^a^,^b	53.10 ± 2.65^a^,^b	57.63 ± 5.80^a^,^b	53.10 ± 4.94^a^,^b
GSH mg/g	111.15 ± 5.68	97.73 ± 5.78^a	103.58 ± 4.29^a	103.78 ± 6.48	107.06 ± 6.63^b	108.64 ± 5.82^b
GST U/g	17.54 ± 1.11	24.26 ± 1.06^a	16.57 ± 0.54^b	17.98 ± 1.43^b	22.24 ± 1.48^a^,^b	22.15 ± 1.40^a^,^b
GR U/g	0.56 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.05^a	0.51 ± 0.03^b	0.51 ± 0.06^b	0.48 ± 0.03^a^,^b	0.50 ± 0.05^b
CAT U/g	469.03 ± 17.24	428.83 ± 14.21^a	427.71 ± 17.39^a	452.28 ± 15.09^b	469.31 ± 17.35^b	460.93 ± 13.07^b
GPx U/g	131.94 ± 14.99	100.02 ± 6.10^a	119.49 ± 11.45^b	123.74 ± 10.69^b	125.97 ± 11.97^b	122.10 ± 10.37^b
SOD U/g	2020.32 ± 41.27	1852.25 ± 323.89	2045.45 ± 57.16	2009.14 ± 74.60	1991.68 ± 53.51	1974.44 ± 52.74
Erythrocyte
MDA nmol/ml	22.22 ± 4.61	37.13 ± 4.34^a	28.85 ± 5.23^a^,^b	26.78 ± 4.55^b	21.13 ± 4.94^b	27.92 ± 6.45^b
GSH mg/ml	4.95 ± 0.83	4.55 ± 0.48	5.49 ± 5.75^b	4.91 ± 0.47	5.22 ± 0.81^b	4.63 ± 0.24
GST U/ml	4.30 ± 0.67	7.78 ± 0.64^a	6.71 ± 0.55^a^,^b	4.32 ± 1.04^b	4.74 ± 0.77^b	4.42 ± 0.68^b
GR U/ml	0.244 ± 0.031	0.206 ± 0.017^a	0.206 ± 0.034	0.232 ± 0.033	0.236 ± 0.016^b	0.246 ± 0.021^b
CAT U/ml	565.44 ± 27.94	507.00 ± 35.59^a	505.14 ± 33.70^a	541.99 ± 54.35	533.43 ± 61.88	556.51 ± 56.13
GPx U/ml	104.31 ± 4.04	79.07 ± 5.62^a	80.33 ± 7.76^a	89.59 ± 10.25^a	83.28 ± 9.20^a	85.38 ± 4.70^a
SOD U/ml	2314.74 ± 101.24	2332.46 ± 124.97	2311.36 ± 102.82	2262.97 ± 81.09	2303.30 ± 104.39	2300.47 ± 102.67
Liver
MDA nmol/g	31.30 ± 4.42	45.01 ± 5.78^a	37.45 ± 5.89^b	41.77 ± 6.49^a	43.39 ± 6.64^a	42.63 ± 7.04^a
GSH mg/g	97.26 ± 2.95	84.58 ± 3.10^a	88.48 ± 4.37^a	96.73 ± 5.35^b	91.31 ± 6.17^b	88.86 ± 4.04^a
GST U/g	37.91 ± 1.92	41.86 ± 1.01^a	37.74 ± 2.96^b	42.09 ± 3.53^a	42.63 ± 2.56^a	43.56 ± 2.96^a
GR U/g	0.49 ± 0.07	0.31 ± 0.04^a	0.45 ± 0.04^b	0.46 ± 0.03^b	0.46 ± 0.03^b	0.47 ± 0.02^b
CAT U/g	286.44 ± 25.66	198.22 ± 18.03^a	261.87 ± 18.64^b	229.49 ± 25.84^a^,^b	227.81 ± 27.05^a^,^b	218.88 ± 13.84^a^,^b
GPx U/g	178.38 ± 5.68	142.39 ± 7.84^a	166.70 ± 7.92^a^,^b	141.39 ± 9.13^a	139.78 ± 7.19^a	138.66 ± 9.87^a
SOD U/g	2016.67 ± 102.33	1721.17 ± 194.63^a	1826.85 ± 91.97^a	1659.28 ± 118.68^a	1661.74 ± 115.10^a	1696.78 ± 75.06^a

Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. One-way ANOVA followed by Turey test, when appropriate (n = 7). Differences between groups were considered to be significant when (p < 0.05).

^a Different from the control group.

^b Different from the diabetes mellitus group.

MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: reduced glutathione; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GR: glutathione reductase; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase.

¹ Acarbose (20 mg/kg, per day) treated to diabetic group.

² R. coriaria lyophilized extract (100 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

³ R. coriaria lyophilized extract (250 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.

⁴ R. coriaria lyophilized extract (500 mg/kg/day) treated to diabetic group.