Pharmacological activity of Costus spicatus in experimental Bothrops atrox envenomation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effect of CSE on the first (panel A) and the second phase (panel B) of BAV-induced nociception in mice. BAVCSE 1:6: BAV + 1.25 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:12: BAV + 2.5 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:25: BAV + 5.0 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:37: BAV + 7.5 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:50: BAV + 10 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS. The results are presented as mean ± SEM for five animals. Differences between BAVCSE groups and BAV group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey–Kramer test. Differences with an associated probability (p values) of less than 5% (p < 0.05) were considered significant. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 1. Effect of CSE on the edema induced by B. atrox venom.

Entry	Treatment	0 h	0.5 h	1 h	2 h	3 h	4 h
1	PBS	1.8 ± 0.01	2.1 ± 0.01	2.0 ± 0.01	1.9 ± 0.01	1.9 ± 0.01	1.9 ± 0.01
2	BAV	1.88 ± 0.02	2.94 ± 0.02	2.59 ± 0.04	2.44 ± 0.03	2.38 ± 0.04	2.38 ± 0.04
3	CSE	1.91 ± 0.01	2.35 ± 0.01	2.06 ± 0.02	1.97 ± 0.02	1.97 ± 0.02	1.97 ± 0.02
4	BAVCSE 1:6	1.94 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.001*	2.37 ± 0.07**	2.32 ± 0.07*	2.15 ± 0.04***	2.09 ± 0.03***
5	BAVCSE 1:12	1.94 ± 0.01	2.98 ± 0.03*	2.33 ± 0.02***	2.23 ± 0.03**	2.18 ± 0.01**	2.14 ± 0.0***
6	BAVCSE 1:25	1.90 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.01*	2.39 ± 0.02*	2.28 ± 0.01*	2.24 ± 0.01*	2.17 ± 0.01***
7	BAVCSE 1:37	1.88 ± 0.02	2.95 ± 0.01*	2.37 ± 0.02**	2.26 ± 0.03*	2.18 ± 0.03***	2.11 ± 0.02***
8	BAVCSE 1:50	1.92 ± 0.01	2.97 ± 0.01*	2.44 ± 0.01*	2.37 ± 0.01*	2.30 ± 0.01*	2.21 ± 0.01**

4. BAVCSE 1:6 (BAV + 1.25 mg CSE/kg/25 μl PBS); 5. BAVCSE 1:12 (BAV + 2.5 mg CSE/kg/25 μl PBS); 6. BAVCSE 1:25 (BAV + 5.0 mg CSE/kg/25 μl PBS); 7. BAVCSE 1:37 (BAV + 7.5 mg CSE/kg/25 μl PBS); 8. BAVCSE 1:50 (BAV + 10 mg CSE/kg/25 μl PBS). The results are presented as the mean ± SEM on three animals. CSE-treated groups and BAV group were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Differences with an associated probability (p values) of less than 5% were considered significant.

* p < 0.05;

** p < 0.01;

*** p < 0.001.

Figure 2. Peritonitis induced by B. atrox venom and treated with CSE. BAVCSE 1:6: BAV + 1.25 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:12: BAV + 2.5 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:25: BAV + 5.0 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:37: BAV + 7.5 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:50: BAV + 10 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM for five animals. Differences between BAVCSE groups and BAV group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Differences with an associated probability (p values) of less than 5% (p < 0.05) were considered significant. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Figure 3. CSE effect on B. atrox venom coagulant activity. BAV: 20 μg/50 μl PBS. BAVCSE 1:1: BAV + 26 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:2: BAV + 52 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:5: BAV + 104 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:10: BAV + 208 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:20: BAV + 416 μg CSE/50 μl PBS. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate. Differences between BAVCSE groups and BAV group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Results did not vary significantly as compared with BAV (p > 0.05).

Figure 4. Effect of CSE on haemorrhage induced by B. atrox venom. BAV: 0.40 mg/50 μl PBS. BAVCSE 1:16: BAV + 3.2 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:32: BAV + 6.4 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:64: BAV + 12.8 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:96: BAV + 19.2 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:128: BAV + 25.6 mg CSE/kg/50 μl PBS. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM of five animals. Differences between BAVCSE groups and BAV group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Results in BAVCSE experiments did not vary significantly as compared with BAV (p > 0.05).

Figure 5. Effects of CSE on phospholipase A2 activity of B. atrox venom. BAV: 20 μg/50 μl PBS. BAVCSE 1:1: BAV + 26 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:2: BAV + 52 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:5: BAV + 104 μg CSE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:10: BAV + 208 μg BGE/50 μl PBS; BAVCSE 1:20: BAV + 416 μg CSE/50 μl PBS. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM of five animals. Differences between BAVCSE groups and BAV group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test. Results in BAVCSE experiments did not vary significantly as compared with BAV (p > 0.05).